{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:27:49Z","timestamp":1787765269731,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to determine the efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation on the biomarkers of iron, zinc, and vitamin A status across anthropometric status categories in Vietnamese school children. In this 22-week randomised controlled trial, 347 undernourished, normal weight, or overweight\/obese children aged 6\u20139\u00a0years were allocated to receive every school day a multiple micronutrient supplement (10\u00a0mg iron, 10\u00a0mg zinc, 400\u00a0\u00b5g vitamin A) or a placebo. Haematological indices; circulating ferritin, zinc, and retinol (corrected for inflammation); and C-reactive protein were measured at baseline and 22\u00a0weeks. At week 22, linear mixed models showed that mean corpuscular volume increased by 0.3 fL, serum ferritin by 9.1\u00a0\u00b5g\/L, plasma zinc by 0.9\u00a0\u00b5mol\/L, and plasma retinol by 15%, and the prevalence of zinc deficiency decreased by 17.3% points in the intervention group compared to placebo. No intervention effects were found for other haematological indices, or the prevalence of anaemia. Multiple micronutrient supplementation for 22\u00a0weeks improved the biomarkers of zinc and vitamin A status and some biomarkers of iron status, and reduced the prevalence of zinc deficiency in Vietnamese school children.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Trial registration: This trial was registered on 06\/09\/2016 at<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.anzctr.org.au\">www.anzctr.org.au<\/jats:ext-link>as ACTRN12616001245482.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83129-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1613128064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves micronutrient status in primary school children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ngan T. D.","family":"Hoang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind S.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuyen D.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Worsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nghien T. T.","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa A.","family":"Szymlek-Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"83129_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1301\/00296640260130795","volume":"60","author":"FE Viteri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Viteri, F. E. & Gonzalez, H. Adverse outcomes of poor micronutrient status in childhood and adolescence. Nutr. Rev. 60, S77\u2013S83 (2002).","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"83129_CR2","volume-title":"Global health estimates 2016: Disease burden by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000\u20132016","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO. Global health estimates 2016: Disease burden by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000\u20132016 (WHO, Geneva, 2018)."},{"key":"83129_CR3","first-page":"32","volume":"27","author":"NT B\u00f9i","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00f9i, N. T., L\u00ea, T. D. & H\u01b0\u01a1ng, C. T. T. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u00ea\u0301u vi ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ea5p c\u00f2i v\u00e0 th\u00e2\u0301p c\u00f2i t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n Ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh Ngh\u1ec7 An n\u0103m 2013\u20132014 (Micronutrient status of primary school children with high risk of stunting and stunting in Nghia Dan district, Nghe An province, 2013\u20132014). T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Y h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng (J. Prevent. Med.) 27, 32\u201337 (2017).","journal-title":"T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Y h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng (J. Prevent. Med.)"},{"key":"83129_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002080","volume":"110","author":"NKL Bao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bao, N. K. L. et al. Double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition in Vietnam in 2011: Results of the SEANUTS study in 0.5\u201311-year-old children. Br. J. Nutr. 110, S45\u2013S56 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802224","volume":"27","author":"O Pinhas-Hamiel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinhas-Hamiel, O. et al. Greater prevalence of iron deficiency in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27, 416\u2013418 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"83129_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.104","volume":"114","author":"KG Nead","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nead, K. G., Halterman, J. S., Kaczorowski, J. M., Auinger, P. & Weitzman, M. Overweight children and adolescents: A risk group for iron deficiency. Pediatrics 114, 104\u2013108 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"83129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1159\/000488865","volume":"72","author":"P Christian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christian, P. & Smith, E. R. Adolescent undernutrition: Global burden, physiology, and nutritional risks. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 72, 316\u2013328 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"83129_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:86:2:107","volume":"86","author":"DDN Marreiro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marreiro, D. D. N., Fisberg, M. & Cozzolino, S. M. F. Zinc nutritional status in obese children and adolescents. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 86, 107\u2013122 (2002).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"83129_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.02.009","volume":"23","author":"L Souza Valente","year":"2007","unstructured":"Souza Valente, L., da Veiga, G. V. & Ramalho, R. A. Association of serum concentrations of retinol and carotenoids with overweight in children and adolescents. Nutrition 23, 392\u2013397 (2007).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"83129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2017-0246","volume":"31","author":"JL Plesner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Plesner, J. L. et al. Obesity is associated with vitamin D deficiency in Danish children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 31, 53\u201361 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"83129_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1155-7","volume":"55","author":"C Hutchinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hutchinson, C. A review of iron studies in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a double burden in the young?. Eur. J. Nutr. 55, 2179\u20132197 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651003100303","volume":"31","author":"C Best","year":"2010","unstructured":"Best, C., Neufingerl, N., Geel, L., Briel, T. & Osendarp, S. The nutritional status of school-aged children: Why should we care?. Food Nutr. Bull. 31, 400\u2013417 (2010).","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"83129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101431","volume":"10","author":"NTD Hoang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoang, N. T. D. et al. Anthropometric status among 6\u20139-year-old school children in rural areas in Hai Phong City, Vietnam. Nutrients 10, 1431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10101431 (2018).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"83129_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.04.004","volume":"110","author":"AI Perlman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perlman, A. I. et al. Multivitamin\/mineral supplementation does not affect standardized assessment of academic performance in elementary school children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 110, 1089\u20131093 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"83129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2000.6.19","volume":"6","author":"SJ Schoenthaler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schoenthaler, S. J., Bier, I. D., Young, K., Nichols, D. & Jansenns, S. The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on the intelligence of American schoolchildren: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 6, 19\u201329 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"83129_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-5-32","volume":"5","author":"TL Huong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huong, T. L., Brouwer, I. D., Burema, J., Nguyen, K. C. & Kok, F. J. Efficacy of iron fortification compared to iron supplementation among Vietnamese schoolchildren. Nutr. J. 5, 32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2891-5-32 (2006).","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"83129_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602791","volume":"62","author":"M Hettiarachchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hettiarachchi, M., Liyanage, C., Wickremasinghe, R., Hilmers, D. C. & Abrams, S. A. The efficacy of micronutrient supplementation in reducing the prevalence of anaemia and deficiencies of zinc and iron among adolescents in Sri Lanka. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 856\u2013865 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.1.50","volume":"56","author":"E Udomkesmalee","year":"1992","unstructured":"Udomkesmalee, E. et al. Effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on the nutriture of children in Northeast Thailand. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56, 50\u201357 (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.106625","volume":"139","author":"MA Ayoya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ayoya, M. A. et al. Multiple micronutrients including iron are not more effective than iron alone for improving hemoglobin and iron status of Malian school children. J. Nutr. 139, 1972\u20131979 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2005.07.012","volume":"22","author":"B Sivakumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sivakumar, B. et al. Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: Biochemical status. Nutrition 22, S15\u2013S25 (2006).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"83129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.145","volume":"37","author":"J Baumgartner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumgartner, J. et al. Overweight impairs efficacy of iron supplementation in iron-deficient South African children: A randomized controlled intervention. Int. J. Obes. 37, 24\u201330 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"83129_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.2.435S","volume":"68","author":"P Christian","year":"1998","unstructured":"Christian, P. & West, K. P. Jr. Interactions between zinc and vitamin A: An update. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68, 435S-441S (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR23","volume-title":"Micronutrient Interactions: Impact on Child Health and Nutrition","author":"International Life Science Institute","year":"1996","unstructured":"International Life Science Institute. Micronutrient Interactions: Impact on Child Health and Nutrition (ILSI Press, Taiwan, 1996)."},{"key":"83129_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1378S","volume":"130","author":"B L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"2000","unstructured":"L\u00f6nnerdal, B. Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption. J. Nutr. 130, 1378S-1383S (2000).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002163","volume":"61","author":"R Shrimpton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shrimpton, R. & Schultink, W. Can supplements help meet the micronutrient needs of the developing world?. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 61, 223\u2013229 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"83129_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071478","volume":"11","author":"NTD Hoang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoang, N. T. D. et al. Anaemia and its relation to demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric factors in rural primary school children in Hai Phong City Vietnam. Nutrients 11, 1478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11071478 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"83129_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511006945","volume":"108","author":"TH Nguyen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. H. et al. Multi-micronutrient-fortified biscuits decreased the prevalence of anaemia and improved iron status, whereas weekly iron supplementation only improved iron status in Vietnamese school children. Br. J. Nutr. 108, 1419\u20131427 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050259","volume":"8","author":"M Nguyen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nguyen, M. et al. A delivery model for home fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient powders: Innovation in the context of Vietnamese health system strengthening. Nutrients 8, 259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8050259 (2016).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"83129_CR29","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Vietnam. Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 43 \/2014\/TT-BYT ng\u00e0y 24\/11\/2014 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (Circulation 43 \/2014\/TT-BYT, dated 24 November 2014, regulation of the management of supplementary products), https:\/\/thuvienphapluat.vn\/van-ban\/The-thao-Y-te\/Circular-No-43-2014-TT-BYT-regulating-the-management-of-functional-foods-259930.aspx. (2014)."},{"key":"83129_CR30","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Vietnam. B\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m Vi\u1ec7t Nam (Vietnamese Food Composition Tables). (Medical Publishing, 2007)."},{"key":"83129_CR31","unstructured":"WHO. Growth reference data for 5\u201319 years. Application tools: WHO AnthroPlus software, https:\/\/www.who.int\/growthref\/tools\/en\/ (2007)."},{"key":"83129_CR32","unstructured":"WHO. Growth reference data for 5\u201319 years. Indicators, https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years\/indicators (2007)."},{"key":"83129_CR33","first-page":"210","volume":"83","author":"S Nandy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nandy, S., Irving, M., Gordon, D., Subramanian, S. & Smith, G. D. Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: New evidence from India. Bull. World Health Organ. 83, 210\u2013216 (2005).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"83129_CR34","first-page":"2","volume":"25","author":"KH Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown, K. H. et al. International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) technical document# 1. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control. Food Nutr. Bull. 25, 2 (2004).","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"83129_CR35","unstructured":"WHO\/UNICEF\/UNU. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for programme managers. WHO\/NHD\/01.3, http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/micronutrients\/anaemia_iron_deficiency\/WHO_NHD_01.3\/en\/ (2001)."},{"key":"83129_CR36","unstructured":"WHO. Serum ferritin concentrations for the assessment of iron status and iron deficiency in populations. WHO\/NMH\/NHD\/MNM\/11.2, http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/ferritin\/en\/ (2011)."},{"key":"83129_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195171693.001.0001","volume-title":"Principles of Nutritional Assessment","author":"RS Gibson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gibson, R. S. Principles of Nutritional Assessment (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005)."},{"key":"83129_CR38","unstructured":"WHO. Serum retinol concentrations for determining the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations. WHO\/NMH\/NHD\/MNM\/11.3, https:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/retinol\/en\/ (2011)."},{"key":"83129_CR39","unstructured":"WHO. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995\u20132005: WHO global database on vitamin A deficiency (WHO, Geneva, 2009)."},{"key":"83129_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.194712","volume":"145","author":"DI Thurnham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thurnham, D. I., Northrop-Clewes, C. A. & Knowles, J. The use of adjustment factors to address the impact of inflammation on vitamin A and iron status in humans. J. Nutr. 145, 1137S-1143S (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29284","volume":"92","author":"DI Thurnham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thurnham, D. I. et al. Adjusting plasma ferritin concentrations to remove the effects of subclinical inflammation in the assessment of iron deficiency: A meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92, 546\u2013555 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.234","volume":"65","author":"J Arsenault","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arsenault, J. et al. The time of day and the interval since previous meal are associated with plasma zinc concentrations and affect estimated risk of zinc deficiency in young children in Peru and Ecuador. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 65, 184\u2013190 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601376","volume":"56","author":"D Mwaniki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mwaniki, D. et al. Effects on serum retinol of multi-micronutrient supplementation and multi-helminth chemotherapy: A randomised, controlled trial in Kenyan school children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56, 666\u2013673 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511006908","volume":"108","author":"F Ahmed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmed, F. et al. Effect of long-term intermittent supplementation with multiple micronutrients compared with iron-and-folic acid supplementation on Hb and micronutrient status of non-anaemic adolescent schoolgirls in rural Bangladesh. Br. J. Nutr. 108, 1484\u20131493 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S480","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070283S306","volume":"28","author":"B De Benoist","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Benoist, B., Darnton-Hill, I., Davidsson, L., Fontaine, O. & Hotz, C. Conclusions of the joint WHO\/UNICEF\/IAEA\/IZiNCG interagency meeting on zinc status indicators. Food Nutr. Bull. 28, S480\u2013S484 (2007).","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"83129_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-012-9526-x","volume":"25","author":"S Jenkitkasemwong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jenkitkasemwong, S., Wang, C.-Y., Mackenzie, B. & Knutson, M. D. Physiologic implications of metal-ion transport by ZIP14 and ZIP8. Biometals 25, 643\u2013655 (2012).","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"83129_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34032","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.367284","volume":"287","author":"C-Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, C.-Y. et al. ZIP8 is an iron and zinc transporter whose cell-surface expression is up-regulated by cellular iron loading. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 34032\u201334043 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"83129_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/115.3.411","volume":"115","author":"B Sandstr\u00f6m","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sandstr\u00f6m, B., Davidsson, L., Cederblad, A. & L\u00f6nnerdal, B. Oral iron, dietary ligands and zinc absorption. J. Nutr. 115, 411\u2013414 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5083184","volume":"5","author":"KH Lim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lim, K. H., Riddell, L. J., Nowson, C. A., Booth, A. O. & Szymlek-Gay, E. A. Iron and zinc nutrition in the economically-developed world: a review. Nutrients 5, 3184\u20133211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu5083184 (2013).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"83129_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.738","volume":"72","author":"FS Solon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Solon, F. S. et al. Efficacy of a vitamin A\u2013fortified wheat-flour bun on the vitamin A status of Filipino schoolchildren. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 738\u2013744 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.165506","volume":"143","author":"V Lopez-Teros","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopez-Teros, V. et al. Vitamin A-fortified milk increases total body vitamin A stores in Mexican preschoolers. J. Nutr. 143, 221\u2013226 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.182998","volume":"144","author":"S Pinkaew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinkaew, S. et al. Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children. J. Nutr. 144, 519\u2013524 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.099754","volume":"139","author":"TT Nga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nga, T. T. et al. Multi-micronutrient\u2013fortified biscuits decreased prevalence of anemia and improved micronutrient status and effectiveness of deworming in rural Vietnamese school children. J. Nutr. 139, 1013\u20131021 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.6.1834","volume":"133","author":"SA Abrams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abrams, S. A. et al. A multinutrient-fortified beverage enhances the nutritional status of children in Botswana. J. Nutr. 133, 1834\u20131840 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.4.891","volume":"77","author":"DM Ash","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ash, D. M., Tatala, S. R., Frongillo, E. A. Jr., Ndossi, G. D. & Latham, M. C. Randomized efficacy trial of a micronutrient-fortified beverage in primary school children in Tanzania. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77, 891\u2013898 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.11.2596","volume":"135","author":"VT Pham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pham, V. T. et al. The use of NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce is an effective tool for controlling iron deficiency in women of childbearing age in rural Vietnam. J. Nutr. 135, 2596\u20132601 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155804","volume":"106","author":"GJ Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson, G. J. & Frazer, D. M. Current understanding of iron homeostasis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 106, 1559S-1566S (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.6.1261","volume":"84","author":"LL Iannotti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iannotti, L. L., Tielsch, J. M., Black, M. M. & Black, R. E. Iron supplementation in early childhood: Health benefits and risks. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84, 1261\u20131276 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27350","volume":"90","author":"EE Ziegler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ziegler, E. E., Nelson, S. E. & Jeter, J. M. Iron status of breastfed infants is improved equally by medicinal iron and iron-fortified cereal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90, 76\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27350 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00773.x","volume":"97","author":"T Lind","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lind, T., Seswandhana, R., Persson, L. -\u00c5. & L\u00f6nnerdal, B. Iron supplementation of iron-replete Indonesian infants is associated with reduced weight-for-age. Acta Paediatr. 97, 770\u2013775 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"83129_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.11.3249","volume":"132","author":"KG Dewey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dewey, K. G. et al. Iron supplementation affects growth and morbidity of breast-fed infants: Results of a randomized trial in Sweden and Honduras. J. Nutr. 132, 3249\u20133255 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316988","volume":"68","author":"K Simonyt\u00e9 Sj\u00f6din","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simonyt\u00e9 Sj\u00f6din, K. et al. Administration of ferrous sulfate drops has significant effects on the gut microbiota of iron-sufficient infants: a randomised controlled study. Gut 68, 2095\u20132097 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"83129_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s003940070005","volume":"39","author":"V Aguayo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aguayo, V. School-administered weekly iron supplementation\u2014effect on the growth and hemoglobin status of non-anemic Bolivian school-age children. A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur. J. Nutr. 39, 263\u2013269 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.1090","volume":"37","author":"NTD Hoang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoang, N. T. D. et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves short-term cognitive function in children in Hai Phong city Vietnam. Clin. Nutr. 37, S5\u2013S6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.1090 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401","volume":"12","author":"E McLean","year":"2009","unstructured":"McLean, E., Cogswell, M., Egli, I., Wojdyla, D. & de Benoist, B. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993\u20132005. Public Health Nutr. 12, 444\u2013454 (2009).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.235127","volume":"146","author":"LA Houghton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Houghton, L. A., Parnell, W. R., Thomson, C. D., Green, T. J. & Gibson, R. S. Serum zinc is a major predictor of anemia and mediates the effect of selenium on hemoglobin in school-aged children in a nationally representative survey in New Zealand. J. Nutr. 146, 1670\u20131676 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.3.581","volume":"138","author":"RS Gibson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gibson, R. S. et al. Zinc, gravida, infection, and iron, but not vitamin B-12 or folate status, predict hemoglobin during pregnancy in Southern Ethiopia. J. Nutr. 138, 581\u2013586 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000158","volume":"83","author":"EW Siyame","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siyame, E. W. et al. A high prevalence of zinc-but not iron-deficiency among women in rural Malawi: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 83, 176\u2013187 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"83129_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92246-P","volume":"342","author":"D Suharno","year":"1993","unstructured":"Suharno, D., Karyadi, D., West, C. & Hautvast, J. G. J. Supplementation with vitamin A and iron for nutritional anaemia in pregnant women in West Java Indonesia. Lancet 342, 1325\u20131328 (1993).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"83129_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000173","volume":"3","author":"SM Fishman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fishman, S. M., Christian, P. & West, K. P. The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. Public Health Nutr. 3, 125\u2013150 (2000).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08237.x","volume":"150","author":"S O\u2019Riordan","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan, S. et al. Large scale screening for haemoglobin disorders in southern Vietnam: Implications for avoidance and management. Br. J. Haematol. 150, 359\u2013364 (2010).","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"83129_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-017-0306-8","volume":"8","author":"NT Nguyen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen, N. T. et al. Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in an ethnic minority group in Central Vietnam: Implications to health burden and relationship between two ethnic minority groups. J. Commun. Genet. 8, 221\u2013228 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Commun. Genet."},{"key":"83129_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3109\/03630269.2013.790829","volume":"37","author":"HV Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen, H. V. et al. Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in Thua Thien Hue province, central Vietnam. Hemoglobin 37, 333\u2013342 (2013).","journal-title":"Hemoglobin"},{"key":"83129_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084328","volume":"8","author":"M Fiorentino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fiorentino, M. et al. Anthropometric and micronutrient status of school-children in an urban West Africa setting: A cross-sectional study in Dakar (Senegal). PLoS ONE 8, e84328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0084328 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"83129_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2040049","volume":"2","author":"A Ross","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ross, A. et al. Poverty, dietary intake, intestinal parasites, and nutritional status among school-age children in the rural Philippines. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2, 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed2040049 (2017).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"83129_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014002845","volume":"18","author":"J-C Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou, J.-C. et al. Oral vitamin D supplementation has a lower bioavailability and reduces hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone and insulin resistance in obese Chinese males. Public Health Nutr. 18, 2211\u20132219 (2015).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"83129_CR77","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Board & Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. (National Academies Press, 2001)."},{"key":"83129_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010215","volume":"7","author":"PS Suchdev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suchdev, P. S. et al. Overview of the biomarkers reflecting inflammation and nutritional determinants of anemia (BRINDA) project. Adv. Nutr. 7, 349\u2013356 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83129-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83129-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83129-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T03:18:28Z","timestamp":1724469508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83129-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["83129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-83129-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3728"}}