{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:02:01Z","timestamp":1790373721356,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cyanide-based blood poisoning can seriously damage fire victims and cause death if not detected quickly. Previous conventional methods require laboratory equipment, which are expensive and increase the duration of the analysis. Here, a simple origami based microfluidic device was introduced for point of need detection of blood cyanide concentration in people involved in fire. The device is made of four layers of paper. Each layer was in the size of 1\u2009\u00d7\u20091\u00a0cm folded on each other. In this work, the blood sample was acidified by trichloroacetic acid to separate cyanide from methaemoglobin in the form of HCN gas. The produced gas released into borate buffer to recover free cyanide ions which interacted with the Pt complex ([Pt(<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-MeC<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(phen)]) used as a receptor in this study. Optimized conditions were applied to have a suitable interaction causing the color of the receptor to change from yellow to colorless. The color changes were recorded by a smartphone, and the sensor response was calculated by the routine image analysis software. The assay was capable of determining cyanide ions at different concentrations in the range of 1.0 to 100.0\u00a0\u00b5mol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The detection limit of these determination was equal to 0.4\u00a0\u00b5mol L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The assay responses were not affected by the interfering species. As a practical analysis, the proposed sensor was applied to determine cyanide ions in the blood sample of 20 studied fire survivors and 10 controls with high accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83186-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T22:27:28Z","timestamp":1612996048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Origami paper analytical assay based on metal complex sensor for rapid determination of blood cyanide concentration in fire survivors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Azarmidokht","family":"Sheini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh Dadkhah","family":"Aseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Bordbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"83186_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2004.02.006","volume":"511","author":"AE Lindsay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lindsay, A. E., Greenbaum, A. R. & O\u2019Hare, D. Analytical techniques for cyanide in blood and published blood cyanide concentrations from healthy subjects and fire victims. Anal. Chim. Acta 511, 185\u2013195 (2004).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"83186_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.01.029","volume":"768","author":"Y Tian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tian, Y. et al. A disposable blood cyanide sensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 768, 129\u2013135 (2013).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"83186_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1426-0","volume":"131","author":"S Stoll","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stoll, S., Roider, G. & Keil, W. Concentrations of cyanide in blood samples of corpses after smoke inhalation of varying origin. Int. J. Legal Med. 131, 123\u2013129 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"83186_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118628966.ch20","volume":"2016","author":"JCC Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu, J. C. C. & Mozayani, A. Medicolegal and forensic factors in cyanide poisoning. Toxicol. Cyanides Cyanogens Exp. Appl. Clin. Asp. 2016, 276\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118628966.ch20 (2016).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Cyanides Cyanogens Exp. Appl. Clin. Asp."},{"key":"83186_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.01.054","volume":"36","author":"Y Kaita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaita, Y., Tarui, T., Shoji, T., Miyauchi, H. & Yamaguchi, Y. Cyanide poisoning is a possible cause of cardiac arrest among fire victims, and empiric antidote treatment may improve outcomes. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 36, 851\u2013853 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"83186_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.03.011","volume":"823","author":"P Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Sede\u00f1o","year":"2014","unstructured":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Sede\u00f1o, P., Ag\u00fc\u00ed, L., Villalonga, R. & Pingarr\u00f3n, J. M. Biosensors in forensic analysis. A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 823, 1\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"83186_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.12.039","volume":"960","author":"R Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson, R. & Logue, B. A. A review of rapid and field-portable analytical techniques for the diagnosis of cyanide exposure. Anal. Chim. Acta 960, 18\u201339 (2017).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"83186_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2014.08.009","volume":"64","author":"EP Randviir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Randviir, E. P. & Banks, C. E. The latest developments in quantifying cyanide and hydrogen cyanide. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 64, 75\u201385 (2015).","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.05.042","volume":"673","author":"J Ma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ma, J. & Dasgupta, P. K. Recent developments in cyanide detection: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 673, 117\u2013125 (2010).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"83186_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1039\/B907368J","volume":"39","author":"Z Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Chen, X., Kim, H. N. & Yoon, J. Sensors for the optical detection of cyanide ion. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 127\u2013137 (2010).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"83186_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1039\/c4cs00008k","volume":"43","author":"F Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, F., Wang, L., Chen, X. & Yoon, J. Recent progress in the development of fluorometric and colorimetric chemosensors for detection of cyanide ions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 4312\u20134324 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"83186_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.12.006","volume":"259","author":"D Udhayakumari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Udhayakumari, D. Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors for lethal cyanide ion. A comprehensive review of the year 2016. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 259, 1022\u20131057 (2018).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.03.055","volume":"199","author":"H Khajehsharifi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khajehsharifi, H. & Sheini, A. A selective naked-eye detection and determination of cysteine using an indicator-displacement assay in urine sample. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 199, 457\u2013462 (2014).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.10.053","volume":"209","author":"H Khajehsharifi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khajehsharifi, H. & Bordbar, M. M. A highly selective chemosensor for detection and determination of cyanide by using an indicator displacement assay and PC-ANN and its logic gate behavior. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 209, 1015\u20131022 (2015).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc31149f","volume":"48","author":"H Yoon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoon, H., Lee, C. H., Jeong, Y. H., Gee, H. C. & Jang, W. D. A zinc porphyrin-based molecular probe for the determination of contamination in commercial acetonitrile. Chem. Commun. 48, 5109\u20135111 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"83186_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1021\/ol902852g","volume":"12","author":"JH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, J. H., Reum Jeong, A., Shin, I. S., Kim, H. J. & Hong, J. I. Fluorescence turn-on sensor for cyanide based on a cobalt(II)- coumarinylsalen complex. Org. Lett. 12, 764\u2013767 (2010).","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"83186_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1021\/ol2018856","volume":"13","author":"HS Jung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jung, H. S., Han, J. H., Kim, Z. H., Kang, C. & Kim, J. S. Coumarin-Cu(II) ensemble-based cyanide sensing chemodosimeter. Org. Lett. 13, 5056\u20135059 (2011).","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"83186_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.07.112","volume":"173","author":"L Tang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tang, L. & Cai, M. A highly selective and sensitive fluorescent sensor for Cu 2+ and its complex for successive sensing of cyanide via Cu 2+ displacement approach. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 173, 862\u2013867 (2012).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cc04500d","volume":"47","author":"MA Tetilla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tetilla, M. A. et al. Colorimetric response to anions by a \u201crobust\u201d copper(II) complex of a [9]aneN3 pendant arm derivative: CN- and I- selective sensing. Chem. Commun. 47, 3805\u20133807 (2011).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"83186_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc16942h","volume":"48","author":"Q Zou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zou, Q. et al. Unsymmetrical diarylethenes as molecular keypad locks with tunable photochromism and fluorescence via Cu2+and CN-coordinations. Chem. Commun. 48, 2095\u20132097 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"83186_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200461261","volume":"44","author":"C Yu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yu, C., Wong, K. M. C., Chan, K. H. Y. & Yam, V. W. W. Polymer-induced self-assembly of alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridyl complexes by metal\u22efmetal\/\u03c0\u22ef\u03c0 interactions. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 44, 791\u2013794 (2005).","journal-title":"Angew. Chemie Int. Ed."},{"key":"83186_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200500106","volume":"11","author":"VWW Yam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yam, V. W. W., Chan, K. H. Y., Wong, K. M. C. & Zhu, N. Luminescent platinum(II) terpyridyl complexes: Effect of counter ions on solvent-induced aggregation and color changes. Chem. A Eur. J. 11, 4535\u20134543 (2005).","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"83186_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b705062c","author":"AYY Tam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tam, A. Y. Y., Wong, K. M. C., Wang, G. & Yam, V. W. W. Luminescent metallogels of platinum(II) terpyridyl complexes: Interplay of metal\u22efmetal, \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions on gel formation. Chem. Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b705062c (2007).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"83186_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(00)00278-2","volume":"211","author":"JN Demas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Demas, J. N. & DeGraff, B. A. Applications of luminescent transition platinum group metal complexes to sensor technology and molecular probes. Coord. Chem. Rev. 211, 317\u2013351 (2001).","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"83186_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2017.08.021","volume":"173","author":"K Shaik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaik, K. & Petersen, J. An investigation of the leaching of Pt and Pd from cooperite, sperrylite and column bioleached concentrates in thiocyanate-cyanide systems. Hydrometallurgy 173, 210\u2013217 (2017).","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"83186_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9013989","volume":"82","author":"AW Martinez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martinez, A. W., Phillips, S. T., Whitesides, G. M. & Carrilho, E. Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal. Chem. 82, 3\u201310 (2010).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.10.029","volume":"1141","author":"MM Bordbar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bordbar, M. M., Barzegar, H., Tashkhourian, J., Bordbar, M. & Hemmateenejad, B. A non-invasive tool for early detection of acute leukemia in children using a paper-based optoelectronic nose based on an array of metallic nanoparticles. Anal. Chim. Acta 1141, 28\u201335 (2021).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"83186_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.129029","author":"A Sheini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheini, A. A point-of-care testing sensor based on fluorescent nanoclusters for rapid detection of septicemia in children. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2020.129029 (2020).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.10.032","volume":"77","author":"Y Xia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Si, J. & Li, Z. Fabrication techniques for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices and their applications for biological testing: a review. Biosens. Bioelectron. 77, 774\u2013789 (2016).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"83186_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheini, A. A paper-based device for the colorimetric determination of ammonia and carbon dioxide using thiomalic acid and maltol functionalized silver nanoparticles: application to the enzymatic determination of urea in saliva and blood. Microchim. Acta 187 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-04553-8"},{"key":"83186_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordbar, M. M., Nguyen, T. A., Tran, A. Q. & Bagheri, H. Optoelectronic nose based on an origami paper sensor for selective detection of pesticide aerosols. Sci. Rep. 10 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74509-8"},{"key":"83186_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordbar, M. M., Nguyen, T. A., Arduini, F. & Bagheri, H. A paper-based colorimetric sensor array for discrimination and simultaneous determination of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in tap water, apple juice, and rice. Microchim. Acta 187 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-04596-x"},{"key":"83186_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.03.037","volume":"970","author":"GG Morbioli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morbioli, G. G., Mazzu-Nascimento, T., Stockton, A. M. & Carrilho, E. Technical aspects and challenges of colorimetric detection with microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (\u03bcPADs)\u2014a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 970, 1\u201322 (2017).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"83186_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.04.101","volume":"268","author":"JFS Petruci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petruci, J. F. S., Hauser, P. C. & Cardoso, A. A. Colorimetric paper-based device for gaseous hydrogen cyanide quantification based on absorbance measurements. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 268, 392\u2013397 (2018).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2015.1025840","volume":"48","author":"MT Chaudhary","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaudhary, M. T. et al. Rapid and economical colorimetric detection of cyanide in blood using vitamin B12. Aust. J. Forensic Sci. 48, 42\u201349 (2016).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"83186_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordbar, M. M., Hemmateenejad, B., Tashkhourian, J. & Nami-Ana, S. F. An optoelectronic tongue based on an\u00a0array of gold and silver nanoparticles for analysis of natural, synthetic and biological antioxidants. Microchim. Acta 185 (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-3021-1"},{"key":"83186_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1021\/ac901071p","volume":"81","author":"E Carrilho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carrilho, E., Martinez, A. W. & Whitesides, G. M. Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidics. Anal. Chem. 81, 7091\u20137095 (2009).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"83186_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheini, A. Colorimetric aggregation assay based on array of gold and silver nanoparticles for simultaneous analysis of aflatoxins, ochratoxin and zearalenone by using chemometric analysis and paper based analytical devices. Microchim. Acta 187 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-4147-5"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83186-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83186-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83186-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T03:42:13Z","timestamp":1670038933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83186-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["83186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-83186-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3521"}}