{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:05:04Z","timestamp":1790759104275,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    secrete a series of non-ribosomal-encoded toxins known as mycolactones that are responsible for causing a disabling ulceration of the skin and subcutaneous tissues named Buruli ulcer. The disease is the sole non-contagion among the three most common mycobacterial diseases in humans. Direct contact with contaminated wetlands is a risk factor for Buruli ulcer, responsible for\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    skin carriage before transcutaneous inoculation with this opportunistic pathogen. In this study, we analysed the bacterial and fungal skin microbiota in individuals exposed to\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Burkina Faso. We showed that\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific DNA sequences were detected on the unbreached skin of 6\/52 (11.5%) asymptomatic farmers living in Sindou versus 0\/52 (0%) of those living in the non-endemic region of Tenkodogo. Then, we cultured the skin microbiota of asymptomatic\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    carriers and negative control individuals, all living in the region of Sindou. A total of 84 different bacterial and fungal species were isolated, 21 from\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    -negative skin samples, 31 from\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive samples and 32 from both. More specifically, Actinobacteria,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were significantly associated with\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    skin carriage. We further observed that in vitro, mycolactones induced spore germination of\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , attracting the fungal network. These unprecedented observations suggest that interactions with fungi may modulate the outcome of\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    skin carriage, opening new venues to the understanding of Buruli ulcer pathology, prophylaxis and treatment of this still neglected tropical infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83236-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T06:05:04Z","timestamp":1613109904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Investigation of skin microbiota reveals Mycobacterium ulcerans-Aspergillus sp. trans-kingdom communication"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Hammoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Cassagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Million","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Ranque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Kabore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Drancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Zingue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bouam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"83236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700600111","volume":"60","author":"P MacCallum","year":"1948","unstructured":"MacCallum, P., Tolhurst, J. C., Buckle, G. & Sissons, H. A. A new mycobac- terial infection in man. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 60, 93\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1700600111 (1948).","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"83236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020108","volume":"2","author":"PD Johnson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson, P. D. et al. Buruli ulcer (M. ulcerans infection): new insights, new hope for disease control. PLoS Med. 2, e108 (2005).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"83236_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000271","volume":"2","author":"T Brou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brou, T., Broutin, H., Elguero, E., Asse, H. & Guegan, J. F. Landscape diversity related to Buruli ulcer disease in Cote d\u2019Ivoire. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2, e271 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. 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Reductive evolution and niche adaptation inferred from the genome of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer. Genome Res. 17, 192\u2013200 (2007).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"83236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e663","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000663","volume":"7","author":"SJ Pidot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pidot, S. J., Asiedu, K., K\u00e4ser, M., Fyfe, J. A. & Stinear, T. P. Mycobacterium ulcerans and other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria should be considered a single species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7, e663 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"83236_CR8","first-page":"1050","volume":"4","author":"M Yoshida","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoshida, M. et al. Complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium ulcerans subsp. shinshuense. 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