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The physiological mechanisms underlying tACS effects are still under debate. Whereas online (e.g., ongoing) tACS over the motor cortex induces robust state-, phase- and frequency-dependent effects on cortical excitability, the offline effects (i.e. after-effects) of tACS are less clear. Here, we explored online and offline effects of tACS in two single-blind, sham-controlled experiments. In both experiments we used neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) as a probe to index changes of cortical excitability and delivered M1 tACS at 10\u00a0Hz (alpha), 20\u00a0Hz (beta) and sham (30\u00a0s of low-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation; tRNS). Corticospinal excitability was measured by single pulse TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs). tACS was delivered online in Experiment 1 and offline in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, the increase of MEPs size was maximal with the 20\u00a0Hz stimulation, however in Experiment 2 neither the 10\u00a0Hz nor the 20\u00a0Hz stimulation induced tACS offline effects. These findings support the idea that tACS affects cortical excitability only during online application, at least when delivered on the scalp overlying M1, thereby contributing to the development of effective protocols that can be applied to clinical populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83449-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T18:37:58Z","timestamp":1613587078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Online and offline effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation of the primary motor cortex"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Pozdniakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia Nunez","family":"Vorobiova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Feurra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"83449_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.12.041","volume":"24","author":"RF Helfrich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Helfrich, R. 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