{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:55:46Z","timestamp":1783540546040,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23HL150315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HL150315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 125991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 125991"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL139909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL139909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R35HL144993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35HL144993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thrombosis is a major concern in respiratory infections. Our aim was to investigate the magnitude and duration of risk for arterial and venous thrombosis following discharge after respiratory infection. Patients with respiratory infections were identified using the United States Nationwide Readmission Database from 2012 to 2014. Patients admitted with asthma or cellulitis served as comparators. Readmissions for acute myocardial infarction (MI) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) were evaluated at 30 to 180\u00a0days. The likelihood of a first thrombotic event after discharge was compared with a 30-day period prior to hospitalization. Among 5,271,068 patients discharged after a respiratory infection, 0.56% and 0.78% were readmitted within 30-days with MI and VTE, respectively. Relative to asthma and cellulitis, respiratory infection was associated with a greater age and sex-adjusted hazard of 30-day readmission for MI (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.48 [95% CI 1.42\u20131.54] vs. asthma; aHR 1.36 [95% CI 1.31\u20131.41] vs. cellulitis) and VTE (aHR 1.28 [95% CI 1.24\u20131.33] vs. asthma; aHR 1.26, [95% CI 1.22\u20131.30] vs. cellulitis). Risks of MI and VTE attenuated over time. In a crossover-cohort analysis, the odds of MI (OR 1.68 [95% CI 1.62\u20131.73]) and VTE (OR 3.30 [95% 3.19\u20133.41]) were higher in the 30\u00a0days following discharge after respiratory infection than during the 30-day baseline period. Hospitalization for respiratory infection was associated with increased risks of thrombosis that were highest in the first 30-days after discharge and declined over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83466-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T09:14:59Z","timestamp":1613812499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk of thrombotic events after respiratory infection requiring hospitalization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel R.","family":"Smilowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Subashchandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Barfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shari B.","family":"Brosnahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Yuriditsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binita","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmony R.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith S.","family":"Hochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10100","key":"83466_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","volume":"390","author":"Collaborators GBDCoD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Collaborators GBDCoD. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390(10100), 1151\u20131210 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"83466_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c6360","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6360","volume":"341","author":"S Mayor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mayor, S. Acute respiratory infections are world\u2019s third leading cause of death. BMJ 341, c6360 (2010).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"83466_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, N. et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 382(8), 727\u2013733 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"83466_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13372","volume":"324","author":"S Bilaloglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bilaloglu, S. et al. Thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a New York city health system. JAMA 324(8), 799\u2013801 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"83466_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808137","volume":"380","author":"DM Musher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Musher, D. M., Abers, M. S. & Corrales-Medina, V. F. Acute infection and myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 380(2), 171\u2013176 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"83466_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm516","volume":"29","author":"TC Clayton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clayton, T. C., Thompson, M. & Meade, T. W. Recent respiratory infection and risk of cardiovascular disease: Case-control study through a general practice database. Eur. Heart J. 29(1), 96\u2013103 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"3","key":"83466_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18229","volume":"313","author":"VF Corrales-Medina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corrales-Medina, V. F. et al. Association between hospitalization for pneumonia and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA 313(3), 264\u2013274 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"83466_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix164","volume":"64","author":"F Violi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Violi, F. et al. Cardiovascular complications and short-term mortality risk in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 64(11), 1486\u20131493 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"21","key":"83466_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307691","volume":"101","author":"M Barnes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barnes, M. et al. Acute myocardial infarction and influenza: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Heart 101(21), 1738\u20131747 (2015).","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"4","key":"83466_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702090","volume":"378","author":"JC Kwong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwong, J. C. et al. Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 378(4), 345\u2013353 (2018).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"83466_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701794","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01794-2017","volume":"51","author":"C Warren-Gash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Warren-Gash, C., Blackburn, R., Whitaker, H., McMenamin, J. & Hayward, A. C. Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as triggers for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: A self-controlled case series analysis of national linked datasets from Scotland. Eur. Respir. J. 51(3), 1701794 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"83466_CR12","first-page":"143","volume":"5","author":"C Steiner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steiner, C., Elixhauser, A. & Schnaier, J. The healthcare cost and utilization project: An overview. Eff. Clin. Pract. 5(3), 143\u2013151 (2002).","journal-title":"Eff. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"10","key":"83466_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.05.002","volume":"132","author":"P Vejpongsa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vejpongsa, P. et al. Outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in patients with influenza and other viral respiratory infections. Am. J. Med. 132(10), 1173\u20131181 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"83466_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.11.1333","volume":"292","author":"WW Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson, W. W. et al. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA 292(11), 1333\u20131340 (2004).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"17","key":"83466_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043951","volume":"352","author":"AR Falsey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Falsey, A. R., Hennessey, P. A., Formica, M. A., Cox, C. & Walsh, E. E. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(17), 1749\u20131759 (2005).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"24","key":"83466_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490240045034","volume":"268","author":"EM Skobeloff","year":"1992","unstructured":"Skobeloff, E. M., Spivey, W. H., St Clair, S. S. & Schoffstall, J. M. The influence of age and sex on asthma admissions. JAMA 268(24), 3437\u20133440 (1992).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"14","key":"83466_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.14.1585","volume":"168","author":"AL Hersh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hersh, A. L., Chambers, H. F., Maselli, J. H. & Gonzales, R. National trends in ambulatory visits and antibiotic prescribing for skin and soft-tissue infections. Arch. Intern. Med. 168(14), 1585\u20131591 (2008).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"83466_CR18","unstructured":"Barrett, M., Steiner, C., Andrews, R., Kassed, C. & Nagamine, M. Methodological issues when studying readmissions and revisits using hospital adminstrative data: U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2011 [updated March 9, 2011]. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/reports\/methods\/2011_01.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"83466_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53641-0","volume":"9","author":"NR Smilowitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smilowitz, N. R. et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism after new onset heart failure. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 17415 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"83466_CR20","unstructured":"Yoon, F., Sheng, M., Jiang, H. J., Steiner, C. A. & Barrett, M. L. Calculating nationwide readmissions database (NRD) variances: U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2017. http:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/reports\/methods\/methods.jsp."},{"issue":"11","key":"83466_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200712-1777OC","volume":"177","author":"S Yende","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yende, S. et al. Inflammatory markers at hospital discharge predict subsequent mortality after pneumonia and sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177(11), 1242\u20131247 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"18","key":"83466_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.07.985","volume":"64","author":"R Cangemi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cangemi, R. et al. Platelet activation is associated with myocardial infarction in patients with pneumonia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 64(18), 1917\u20131925 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"83466_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14850","volume":"18","author":"M Panigada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panigada, M. et al. Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit. A report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 18(7), 1738\u20131742 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"1","key":"83466_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1144","volume":"67","author":"R Blackburn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blackburn, R., Zhao, H., Pebody, R., Hayward, A. & Warren-Gash, C. Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as predictors of hospital admission for myocardial infarction and stroke: Time-series analysis of English data for 2004\u20132015. Clin. Infect. Dis. 67(1), 8\u201317 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9516","key":"83466_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68474-2","volume":"367","author":"L Smeeth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smeeth, L. et al. Risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after acute infection in a community setting. Lancet 367(9516), 1075\u20131079 (2006).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"83466_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr012","volume":"40","author":"TC Clayton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clayton, T. C., Gaskin, M. & Meade, T. W. Recent respiratory infection and risk of venous thromboembolism: Case-control study through a general practice database. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40(3), 819\u2013827 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"17","key":"83466_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.084467","volume":"125","author":"MA Rogers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rogers, M. A. et al. Triggers of hospitalization for venous thromboembolism. Circulation 125(17), 2092\u20132099 (2012).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"83466_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805090","volume":"379","author":"AC Spyropoulos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spyropoulos, A. C. et al. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis after hospitalization for medical illness. N. Engl. J. Med. 379(12), 1118\u20131127 (2018).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"83466_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601747","volume":"375","author":"AT Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen, A. T. et al. Extended thromboprophylaxis with betrixaban in acutely ill medical patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 375(6), 534\u2013544 (2016).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83466-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83466-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83466-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T03:43:25Z","timestamp":1670039005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83466-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["83466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-83466-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Dr. Smilowitz is supported, in part, by the National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K23HL150315. Dr. Smilowitz also serves as on the advisory board for Abbott Vascular and as a consultant for Medyria, and reports no conflicts of interest with the current manuscript Dr. Newman is supported, in part, by National Heart and Lung Blood Institute of the National Institute of Health K23 125991. Dr. Horowitz serves on clinical trial steering committees and as a consultant for Inari Medical and Penumbra. Dr. Shah is supported in part by the Biomedical Laboratory Research & Development Service of the VA Office of Research and Development (iK2CX001074) and NIH\/NHLBI (R01HL146206). Dr. Shah also serves as on the advisory board for Philips Volcano and Radux Devices and as a consultant for Terumo Medical, and reports no conflicts of interest with the current manuscript. Dr. Reynolds has received in kind support for unrelated research from Abbott Vascular, Siemens, and BioTelemetry Inc. Dr. Berger is funded, in part, by the National Heart and Lung Blood Institute of the National Institute of Health (R01HL139909 and R35HL144993). The remaining authors have no disclosures to report.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4053"}}