{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:23:48Z","timestamp":1781886228250,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI110173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI110173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001117","name":"amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109593-62-RGRL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109593-62-RGRL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001117","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI120698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI120698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical studies are ongoing to assess whether existing vaccines may afford protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through trained immunity. In this exploratory study, we analyze immunization records from 137,037 individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. We find that polio, Haemophilus influenzae type-B (HIB), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), Varicella, pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13), Geriatric Flu, and hepatitis A\/hepatitis B (HepA\u2013HepB) vaccines administered in the past 1, 2, and 5\u00a0years are associated with decreased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, even after adjusting for geographic SARS-CoV-2 incidence and testing rates, demographics, comorbidities, and number of other vaccinations. Furthermore, age, race\/ethnicity, and blood group stratified analyses reveal significantly lower SARS-CoV-2 rate among black individuals who have taken the PCV13 vaccine, with relative risk of 0.45 at the 5\u00a0year time horizon (n: 653, 95% CI (0.32, 0.64), p-value: 6.9e\u221205). Overall, this study identifies existing approved vaccines which can be promising candidates for pre-clinical research and Randomized Clinical Trials towards combating COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83641-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T06:03:35Z","timestamp":1614319415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Exploratory analysis of immunization records highlights decreased SARS-CoV-2 rates in individuals with recent non-COVID-19 vaccinations"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Colin","family":"Pawlowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Puranik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Bandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 19, 305\u2013306 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"83641_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057755","volume":"8","author":"ES Pronker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pronker, E. S., Weenen, T. C., Commandeur, H., Eric, H. J. H. & Albertus, D. M. Risk in vaccine research and development quantified. PLoS ONE 8, e57755 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"83641_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005630","volume":"382","author":"N Lurie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lurie, N., Saville, M., Hatchett, R. & Halton, J. Developing covid-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1969\u20131973 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19. Lancet 395, 1545\u20131546 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"83641_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4262","volume":"368","author":"K Chumakov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chumakov, K., Benn, C. S., Aaby, P., Kottilil, S. & Gallo, R. Can existing live vaccines prevent COVID-19?. Science 368, 1187\u20131188 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"83641_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008410117","volume":"117","author":"LE Escobar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Escobar, L. E., Molina-Cruz, A. & Barillas-Mury, C. BCG vaccine protection from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 17720\u201317726 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"83641_CR9","unstructured":"OPV as potential protection against COVID-19\u2014Full text view\u2014ClinicalTrials.gov. 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This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and is being conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies. ADB is a consultant for Abbvie, is on scientific advisory boards for Nference and Zentalis, and is founder and President of Splissen therapeutics. The authors from nference are employees of nference and have financial interests in the success of nference. A provisional patent application filed covers some of the findings from this study with CP, AP and VS are named as inventors, with nference as the assignee for this patent application.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4741"}}