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However, the detailed molecular and pathological characteristics of GSC remain to be clarified because of its rarity. In this study, a set of tissue microarrays from 89 GSC patients was analysed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was expressed in 98.9% of tumour-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and 6.7% of tumour cells (TCs). Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) was detected in 18 patients (20.2%). Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and deficiency of mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression were observed in 5.6% and 1.1% of cases, respectively. Moreover, we used next-generation sequencing to determine the gene mutation profiles of a subset of the 50 most recent patients. The most frequently mutated genes were <jats:italic>TP53<\/jats:italic> (42.0%) followed by <jats:italic>SMAD4<\/jats:italic> (18.0%) and <jats:italic>PTEN<\/jats:italic> (16.0%), all of which are tumour suppressor genes. A high frequency of PD-L1 expression in TIICs and a high EBV infection rate suggest immune checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of GSC despite a relatively low frequency of deficient MMR gene expression. Other molecular characteristics such as <jats:italic>PTEN<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SMAD4<\/jats:italic> mutations might be considered to develop new treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83711-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T09:14:59Z","timestamp":1613812499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular and pathological analyses of gastric stump cancer by next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kuwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Setsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Tokunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Kaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shizuki","family":"Sugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Tonouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Nagino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"83711_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13734","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i38.13734","volume":"20","author":"S Takeno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takeno, S. et al. 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