{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:50:13Z","timestamp":1792785013216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009379","name":"Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Projekt\nDEAL"},{"name":"Netherlands Lung Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2007 the German government passed smoke-free legislation, leaving the details of implementation to the individual federal states. In January 2008 Bavaria implemented one of the strictest laws in Germany. We investigated its impact on pregnancy outcomes and applied an interrupted time series (ITS)\u00a0study design to assess any changes in preterm birth, small for gestational age (primary outcomes), and low birth weight, stillbirth and very preterm birth. We included 1,236,992 singleton births, comprising 83,691 preterm births and 112,143 small for gestational age newborns. For most outcomes we observed unclear effects. For very preterm births, we found an immediate drop of 10.4% (95%CI \u2212\u200915.8, \u2212\u20094.6%; p\u2009=\u20090.0006) and a gradual decrease of 0.5% (95%CI \u2212\u20090.7, \u2212\u20090.2%, p\u2009=\u20090.0010) after implementation of the legislation. The majority of subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirm these results. Although we found no statistically significant effect of the Bavarian smoke-free legislation on most pregnancy outcomes, a substantial decrease in very preterm births was observed. We cannot rule out that despite our rigorous methods and robustness checks, design-inherent limitations of the ITS study as well as country-specific factors, such as the ambivalent German policy context have influenced our estimation of the effects of the legislation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83774-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T04:14:59Z","timestamp":1613794499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Interrupted time series study found mixed effects of the impact of the Bavarian smoke-free legislation on pregnancy outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Polus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Mathes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Mansmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasper V.","family":"Been","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Lack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva A.","family":"Rehfuess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"83774_CR1","volume-title":"Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic","author":"WHO","year":"2019","unstructured":"WHO. Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2019)."},{"key":"83774_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Tobacco Free Initiative. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019. MPOWER (2020)."},{"key":"83774_CR3","first-page":"CD005992","volume":"2","author":"K Frazer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frazer, K. et al. Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD005992 (2016).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"83774_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30144-5","volume":"2","author":"T Faber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faber, T. et al. Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2(9), e420\u2013e437 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"83774_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2016.1125784","volume":"10","author":"JV Been","year":"2016","unstructured":"Been, J. V. & Sheikh, A. Investigating the link between smoke-free legislation and stillbirths. Expert Rev. Respir. Med. 10(2), 109\u2013112 (2016).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"83774_CR6","unstructured":"Kahnert, S., et al. Perspektiven f\u00fcr Deutschland: Das Rahmen\u00fcbereinkommen der WHO zur Eind\u00e4mmung des Tabakgebrauchs. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Heidelberg (2011)."},{"key":"83774_CR7","unstructured":"Bundesministerium der Justiz und f\u00fcr Verbraucherschutz, Verordnung \u00fcber Arbeitsst\u00e4tten (Arbeitsst\u00e4ttenverordnung - ArbSt\u00e4ttV) (2004)."},{"key":"83774_CR8","unstructured":"Verbraucherschutz, B.d.J.u.f. Gesetz zur Einf\u00fchrung eines Rauchverbotes in Einrichtungen des Bundes und \u00f6ffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln (Bundesnichtraucherschutzgesetz - BNichtrSchG) (2007). Last accessed January 2021. https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/bnichtrschg\/BJNR159510007.html."},{"issue":"3","key":"83774_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-011-0385-1","volume":"101","author":"JD Sargent","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sargent, J. D. et al. Smoking restrictions and hospitalization for acute coronary events in Germany. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 101(3), 227\u2013235 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"83774_CR10","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). Lebendgeborene: Bundesl\u00e4nder, Jahre, Geschlecht (2017). Last accessed January 2021. https:\/\/www-genesis.destatis.de\/genesis\/\/online?operation=table&code=12612-0100&bypass=true&levelindex=0&levelid=1609930120465-abreadcrumb."},{"issue":"e2","key":"83774_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051110","volume":"23","author":"S Hill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hill, S. et al. Impact of tobacco control interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: review of the evidence. Tob. Control 23(e2), e89-97 (2014).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"83774_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.03.003","volume":"30","author":"S Anger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anger, S., Kvasnicka, M. & Siedler, T. One last puff? Public smoking bans and smoking behavior. J. Health Econ. 30(3), 591\u2013601 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"10","key":"83774_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205779","volume":"69","author":"B McKinnon","year":"2015","unstructured":"McKinnon, B., Auger, N. & Kaufman, J. S. The impact of smoke-free legislation on educational differences in birth outcomes. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 69(10), 937\u2013943 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"83774_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharadwaj, P., Johnsen, J.V. & Loken, K.V. Smoking bans, maternal smoking and birth outcomes. In IZA Discussion Papers. 2012, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2177204"},{"key":"83774_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f441","volume":"346","author":"B Cox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cox, B. et al. Impact of a stepwise introduction of smoke-free legislation on the rate of preterm births: analysis of routinely collected birth data. BMJ 346, f441 (2013).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"83774_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057441","volume":"8","author":"Z Kabir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kabir, Z. et al. Smoking ban and small-for-gestational age births in Ireland. PLoS ONE 8(3), e57441 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"83774_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001175","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001175","volume":"9","author":"DF Mackay","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mackay, D. F. et al. Impact of Scotland\u2019s smoke-free legislation on pregnancy complications: retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med 9(3), e1001175 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"83774_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13020","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13020","volume":"5","author":"JV Been","year":"2015","unstructured":"Been, J. V. et al. Impact of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and infant mortality: a national quasi-experimental study. Sci. Rep. 5, 13020 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"83774_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23907","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23907","volume":"6","author":"MJ Peelen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peelen, M. J. et al. Tobacco control policies and perinatal health: a national quasi-experimental study. Sci. Rep. 6, 23907 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"e2","key":"83774_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052739","volume":"25","author":"AM Vicedo-Cabrera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M. et al. Benefits of smoking bans on preterm and early-term births: a natural experimental design in Switzerland. Tob. Control 25(e2), e135\u2013e141 (2016).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"83774_CR21","unstructured":"Lampert, T., Lippe, E.v.d. & M\u00fcters, S. Prevalence of smoking in the adult population of Germany (Robert Koch-Institut, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsberichterstattung, 2013)"},{"key":"83774_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boeckmann, M., et al. German public support for tobacco control policy measures: results from the german study on tobacco use (DEBRA), a representative national survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15(4) (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040696"},{"issue":"1","key":"83774_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.042093","volume":"21","author":"T Gruning","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gruning, T. et al. Tobacco industry attempts to influence and use the German government to undermine the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Tob. Control 21(1), 30\u201338 (2012).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"83774_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7158-6","volume":"19","author":"TG Kuijpers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuijpers, T. G., Kunst, A. E. & Willemsen, M. C. Who calls the shots in tobacco control policy? Policy monopolies of pro and anti-tobacco interest groups across six European countries. BMC Public Health 19(1), 800 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"83774_CR25","unstructured":"Joossens, L., Feliu, A. & Fernandez, E. The Tobacco Control Scale 2019 in Europe. (Association of European Cancer Leagues, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Brussels, 2020)"},{"issue":"3","key":"83774_CR26","first-page":"312","volume":"29","author":"T Hone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hone, T. et al. Smoke-free legislation and neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil: longitudinal quasi-experimental study. Tob. Control\u00a029(3), 312\u2013319 (2020).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"83774_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n, L., et al. Smoke-free legislation in Spain and prematurity. Pediatrics 139(6) (2017).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2068"},{"key":"83774_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.02.017","volume":"89","author":"T Barnighausen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barnighausen, T. et al. Quasi-experimental study designs series - Paper 7: assessing the assumptions. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 89, 53\u201366 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"83774_CR29","first-page":"348","volume":"46","author":"J Lopez Bernal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lopez Bernal, J., Cummins, S. & Gasparrini, A. Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46(1), 348\u2013355 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"83774_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1783","volume":"21","author":"MD Huesch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huesch, M. D., Ostbye, T. & Ong, M. K. Measuring the effect of policy interventions at the population level: some methodological concerns. Health Econ. 21(10), 1234\u20131249 (2012).","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"83774_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.06.012","volume":"83","author":"A Rohwer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rohwer, A. et al. Logic models help make sense of complexity in systematic reviews and health technology assessments. J. Clin. Epidemiol.  83, 37\u201347 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"83774_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.05.026","volume":"103","author":"J Lopez Bernal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez Bernal, J., Soumerai, S. & Gasparrini, A. A methodological framework for model selection in interrupted time series studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 103, 82\u201391 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"83774_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.123232","volume":"65","author":"N Prabhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Prabhu, N. et al. First trimester maternal tobacco smoking habits and fetal growth. Thorax 65(3), 235\u2013240 (2010).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"83774_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2205-0140.2013.tb00164.x","volume":"16","author":"B Shakeri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shakeri, B., Mongelli, M. & Condous, G. First trimester growth: is it influenced by cigarette smoking, and other substances?. Australas J. Ultrasound Med. 16(2), 42\u201343 (2013).","journal-title":"Australas J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"83774_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy135","volume":"47","author":"J Lopez Bernal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez Bernal, J., Cummins, S. & Gasparrini, A. The use of controls in interrupted time series studies of public health interventions. Int. J. Epidemiol. 47(6), 2082\u20132093 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"83774_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.07.018","volume":"73","author":"G Barrio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barrio, G. et al. The limits of single-group interrupted time series analysis in assessing the impact of smoke-free laws on short-term mortality. Int. J. Drug Policy 73, 112\u2013120 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"10","key":"83774_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9377-0","volume":"24","author":"A Gasparrini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gasparrini, A., Gorini, G. & Barchielli, A. On the relationship between smoking bans and incidence of acute myocardial infarction. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 24(10), 597\u2013602 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"83774_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h2750","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2750","volume":"350","author":"E Kontopantelis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kontopantelis, E. et al. Regression based quasi-experimental approach when randomisation is not an option: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ 350, h2750 (2015).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"83774_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.01.001","volume":"67","author":"S Ijaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ijaz, S. et al. Inclusion of nonrandomized studies in Cochrane systematic reviews was found to be in need of improvement. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 67(6), 645\u2013653 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"83774_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.07.008","volume":"91","author":"S Polus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polus, S. et al. Heterogeneity in application, design, and analysis characteristics was found for controlled before-after and interrupted time series studies included in Cochrane reviews. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 91, 56\u201369 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"83774_CR41","volume-title":"Experimental and quasiexperimental designs for generalized causal inference","author":"WR Shadish","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D. & Cook, D. T. Experimental and quasiexperimental designs for generalized causal inference (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2002)."},{"key":"83774_CR42","unstructured":"Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4t in der au\u00dferklinischen Geburtshilfe e.V., HG und HgE Geburten im Jahr 2015 nach Bundesl\u00e4ndern. Storkow (2015)."},{"key":"83774_CR43","unstructured":"BAQ. Neonatologie (2017). Last accessed January 2021. http:\/\/www.baq-bayern.de\/leistungsbereiche\/gynaekologiegeburtshilfeneonatologie\/neo-neonatologie\/neonatologie."},{"key":"83774_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1023283","volume":"56","author":"M Voigt","year":"1996","unstructured":"Voigt, M., Schneider, K. T. & Jahrig, K. Analysis of a 1992 birth sample in Germany 1: new percentile values of the body weight of newborn infants. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 56, 550\u2013558 (1996).","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"},{"issue":"1","key":"83774_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1254","volume":"9","author":"EA Rehfuess","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rehfuess, E. A. et al. Towards a taxonomy of logic models in systematic reviews and health technology assessments: a priori, staged, and iterative approaches. Res Synth Methods 9(1), 13\u201324 (2018).","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"83774_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.06.012","volume":"83","author":"A Rohwer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rohwer, A. et al. Series: clinical epidemiology in South Africa. Paper 3: logic models help make sense of complexity in systematic reviews and health technology assessments. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 83, 37\u201347 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"83774_CR47","unstructured":"Bundesverfassungsgericht. L e i t s \u00e4 t z e zum Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 30. Juli 2008 (2008) Last accessed January 2021. http:\/\/www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de\/SharedDocs\/Entscheidungen\/DE\/2008\/07\/rs20080730_1bvr326207.html."},{"key":"83774_CR48","unstructured":"Bayerische Staatskanzlei. Gesetz zum Schutz der Gesundheit (Gesundheitsschutzgesetz \u2013 GSG) Vom 23. Juli 2010 (GVBl S. 314) BayRS 2126-3-G (2010). Last accessed January 2021. https:\/\/www.gesetze-bayern.de\/Content\/Document\/BayGSG."},{"key":"83774_CR49","unstructured":"Bayerische Staatsregierung, VOLKSENTSCHEID zum Nichtraucherschutz in Bayern Bekanntmachung der Bayerischen Staatsregierung vom 20. April 2010, Az.: II 2-G 58\/09 2010."},{"issue":"5","key":"83774_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.030627","volume":"18","author":"PC Akhtar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akhtar, P. C. et al. Smoking restrictions in the home and secondhand smoke exposure among primary schoolchildren before and after introduction of the Scottish smoke-free legislation. Tob. Control 18(5), 409\u2013415 (2009).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"issue":"e1","key":"83774_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050131","volume":"22","author":"U Mons","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mons, U. et al. Impact of national smoke-free legislation on home smoking bans: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Europe Surveys. Tob. Control 22(e1), e2-9 (2013).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"83774_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020933","volume":"6","author":"JT Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, J. T., Glantz, S. A. & Millett, C. Effect of smoke-free legislation on adult smoking behaviour in England in the 18 months following implementation. PLoS ONE 6(6), e20933 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"83774_CR53","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis), Fachserie. 14, Finanzen und Steuern. 9, Verbrauchsteuern. 1, Tabaksteuer. 1, Absatz von Tabakwaren. 2017, Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis), Wiesbaden."},{"key":"83774_CR54","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA."},{"key":"83774_CR55","unstructured":"R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2018, R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria. URL https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"83774_CR56","unstructured":"Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss, Bekanntmachung eines Beschlusses des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses \u00fcber eine \u00c4nderung der Richtlinien \u00fcber die \u00e4rztliche Betreuung w\u00e4hrend der Schwangerschaft und nach der Entbindung (Mutterschafts-Richtlinien): Einf\u00fchrung eines Screenings auf Gestationsdiabetes (Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit, Berlin, 2011)"},{"key":"83774_CR57","unstructured":"Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften, S2k Leitlinie: Fr\u00fchgeborene an der Grenze der Lebensf\u00e4higkeit. (2014)."},{"issue":"8","key":"83774_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080750","volume":"13","author":"J Fairburn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fairburn, J., Maier, W. & Braubach, M. Incorporating environmental justice into second generation indices of multiple deprivation: lessons from the UK and progress internationally. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13(8), 750 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"83774_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1280846","volume":"74","author":"W Maier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maier, W., Fairburn, J. & Mielck, A. Regional deprivation and mortality in Bavaria. Development of a community-based index of multiple deprivation. Gesundheitswesen 74(7), 416\u2013425 (2012).","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83774-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83774-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83774-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T23:05:32Z","timestamp":1670022332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-83774-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["83774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-83774-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4209"}}