{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:37:26Z","timestamp":1787243846265,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health, Labour and Welfare Policy Research Grants","award":["20HA2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20HA2002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Emerging evidences have shown the utility of saliva for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by PCR as alternative to nasopharyngeal swab (NPS). However, conflicting results have been reported regarding viral loads between NPS and saliva. We conducted a study to compare the viral loads between NPS and saliva in 42 COVID-19 patients. Viral loads were estimated by the cycle threshold (Ct) values. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 34 (81%) using NPS with median Ct value of 27.4, and 38 (90%) using saliva with median Ct value of 28.9 (P\u2009=\u20090.79). Kendall\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>W<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 0.82, showing a high degree of agreement, indicating equivalent viral loads in NPS and saliva. After symptom onset, the Ct values of both NPS and saliva continued to increase over time, with no substantial difference. Self-collected saliva has a detection sensitivity comparable to that of NPS and is a useful diagnostic tool with mitigating uncomfortable process and the risk of aerosol transmission to healthcare workers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84059-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T06:03:35Z","timestamp":1614146615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Equivalent SARS-CoV-2 viral loads by PCR between nasopharyngeal swab and saliva in symptomatic patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Isao","family":"Yokota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Y.","family":"Shane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Konno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Nagasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimihiro","family":"Takeyabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0941-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanori","family":"Teshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"84059_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3786","volume":"323","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, W. et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA 323, 1843\u20131844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.3786 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"84059_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa149","author":"KK To","year":"2020","unstructured":"To, K. K. et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa149 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"84059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.005","volume":"81","author":"L Azzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azzi, L. et al. Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. J. Infect. 81, e45\u2013e50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.005 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"84059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016321","volume":"383","author":"YP Tu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tu, Y. P. et al. Swabs collected by patients or health care workers for SARS-CoV-2 testing. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 494\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2016321 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"84059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.071","volume":"81","author":"S Iwasaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iwasaki, S. et al. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swab and saliva. J. Infect. 81, e145\u2013e147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.071 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"84059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams, E., Bond, K., Zhang, B., Putland, M. & Williamson, D. A. Saliva as a noninvasive specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2. J. Clin. Microbiol. 58, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00776-20 (2020).","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00776-20"},{"key":"84059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016359","volume":"383","author":"AL Wyllie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wyllie, A. L. et al. Saliva or nasopharyngeal swab specimens for detection of SARS-CoV-2. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 1283\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2016359 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"84059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1388","author":"I Yokota","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yokota, I. et al. Mass screening of asymptomatic persons for SARS-CoV-2 using saliva. Clin. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1388 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"84059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01438-20","author":"M Nagura-Ikeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagura-Ikeda, M. et al. Clinical evaluation of self-collected saliva by RT-qPCR, direct RT-qPCR, RT-LAMP, and a rapid antigen test to diagnose COVID-19. J. Clin. Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01438-20 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-84059-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-84059-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-84059-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T23:29:02Z","timestamp":1670023742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-84059-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["84059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-84059-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.09.01.20186254","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4500"}}