{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:42:56Z","timestamp":1762324976155},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. Case identification is currently made by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) during the acute phase and largely restricted to healthcare laboratories. Serological assays are emerging but independent validation is urgently required to assess their utility. We evaluated five different point-of-care (POC) SARS-CoV-2 antibody test kits against PCR, finding concordance across the assays (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915). We subsequently tested 200 patients using the OrientGene COVID-19 IgG\/IgM Rapid Test Cassette and find a sensitivity of 74% in the early infection period (day 5\u20139 post symptom onset), with 100% sensitivity not seen until day 13, demonstrating inferiority to PCR testing in the infectious period. Negative rate was 96%, but in validating the serological tests uncovered potential false-negatives from PCR testing late-presenting cases. A positive predictive value (PPV) of 37% in the general population precludes any use for general screening. Where a case definition is applied however, the PPV is substantially improved (95.4%), supporting use of serology testing in carefully targeted, high-risk populations. Larger studies in specific patient cohorts, including those with mild infection are urgently required to inform on the applicability of POC serological assays to help control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and improve case finding of patients that may experience late complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85247-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1615547222000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 serological assays for enhanced case finding in a UK inpatient population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"S. J. 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Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 94, 91\u201395 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"85247_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30195-X","volume":"20","author":"D Baud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baud, D. et al. Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20(7), 773 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"85247_CR5","first-page":"131","volume":"51","author":"RS Luan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luan, R. S. et al. Epidemiology, treatment, and epidemic prevention and control of the\u00a0coronavirus\u00a0disease 2019: A review. Sichaun Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Yue Ban. 51(2), 131\u2013138 (2020).","journal-title":"Sichaun Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Yue Ban."},{"key":"85247_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A et al. Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25561\/77731.","DOI":"10.25561\/77731"},{"key":"85247_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","volume":"581","author":"R Wolfel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolfel, R. et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 581, 465\u2013469 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"85247_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200841","volume":"26","author":"NMA Okba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okba, N. M. A. et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\u2014Specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease patients. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26(7), 1478\u20131488 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"85247_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30990-7","author":"SJC Pallett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pallett, S. J. C., Jones, R., Randell, P., Davies, G. W. & Moore, L. S. P. Structured serological testing is an essential component to investigating SARS-CoV-2 re-infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30990-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"16","key":"85247_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","volume":"71","author":"J Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, J. et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin. Infect. Dis. 71(16), 2027\u20132034 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. 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COVID-19: Investigation and initial clinical management of possible cases. (accessed 27 March 2020); https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-initial-investigation-of-possible-cases\/investigation-and-initial-clinical-management-of-possible-cases-of-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-wn-cov-infection."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85247-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85247-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85247-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T05:13:33Z","timestamp":1670044413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85247-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85247-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"LSPM has consulted and\/or received speaker fees from bioMerieux (2013\u20132020), Pfizer (2018\u20132020), Eumedica (2016\u20132020), Umovis Lab (2020), DNAelectronics (2015\u201318), and Dairy Crest (2017\u20132018), received research grants from the National Institute for Health Research (2013\u20132019), and CW\u2009+\u2009Charity (2018\u20132020). NM has received speaker fees from Beyer (2016) and Pfizer (2019\u20132020) and received educational support from Eumedica (2016) and Baxter (2017). JS, the Editor-in-Chief of Oncogene has sat on Scientific Advisory Boards for Celltrion, Singapore Biotech, Vor Biopharma, Vaccitech, Heat Biologics, Lilly, Greenmantle and Benevolent AI, has consulted with Lansdowne partners and Vitruvian. He sits on the Board of Directors for BB Biotech Healthcare Trust. SJCP has received a research grant from the Scientific Exploration Society. EC has received speaker fees from bioMerieux (2019). The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5860"}}