{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:03:52Z","timestamp":1771952632055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients afflicted with melanoma show lower vitamin D serum levels (VDSL) than the healthy population. This hypothesis agrees with its well-known antiproliferative features. An observational study was carried out to collect VDSL in patients suffering from melanoma. Our aim was to identify a potential connection between low VDSL and the risk to incur melanoma. Furthermore, we studied the association between VDSL at the diagnosis of melanoma and other germane prognostic factors. The population held in regard was composed of 154 patients with a diagnosis of melanoma between 2016 and 2019. These patients were retrospectively collected from our follow-up storage. We compared VDSL to clinical and pathological parameters (age, sex, tumour location, Breslow\u2019s depth, Clark\u2019s level, histological subtype, ulceration, et aliqua). Moreover, we recruited a control group with negative melanoma history. Mean and median of VDSL were significantly lower in the melanoma group. Instead, we found a negative association between melanoma and VDSL\u2009&gt;\u200930\u00a0ng\/L (OR 0.11; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). No correlation between VDSL and both Breslow\u2019s depth and Clark\u2019s level was discovered, but the VDSL comparison between <jats:italic>thin<\/jats:italic> (depth\u2009\u2264\u20091\u00a0mm) and <jats:italic>thick<\/jats:italic> tumours (depth\u2009&gt;\u20091\u00a0mm) revealed a statistically significant difference (21.1\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2\u00a0ng\/L vs 17.8\u2009\u00b1\u20098.1; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). Moreover, VDSL were significantly lower in melanomas with mitotic rate\u2009\u2265\u20091\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (22.1\u2009\u00b1\u20098.3\u00a0ng\/L; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090007). Nevertheless, no connection was found between VDSL and both ulceration and positive sentinel nodes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.76; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.74). Besides, our study revealed no association between VDSL and histological subtype (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.161). Lower VDSL correlate with thick and high mitotic rate tumours. Future prospective studies would investigate if appropriate upkeep of suitable VDSL can decrease the risk of primary and recurrent melanoma diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85294-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1615547222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Role of vitamin D serum levels in prevention of primary and recurrent melanoma"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Vigezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Ietto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Iori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Masci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Scorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Macchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Iovino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Parise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Carcano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"85294_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050092","volume":"353","author":"JA Curtin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Curtin, J. A. et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterationsin melanoma. New Engl. J. Med. 353(20), 2135\u20132147 (2005).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"85294_CR2","volume-title":"AJCC cancer staging manual","author":"JE Gershenwald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gershenwald, J. E. et al. Chapter 47: Melanoma of the Skin. In AJCC cancer staging manual (eds Amin, M. B., Edge, S., Greene, F. et al.) (Springer, 2017)."},{"issue":"23","key":"85294_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613210","volume":"376","author":"MB Faries","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faries, M. B. et al. Completion dissection or observation for sentinel-node metastasis in melanoma. New Engl. J. Med. 376(23), 2211\u20132222 (2017).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"85294_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2012.07.004","volume":"85","author":"PA Ascierto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ascierto, P. A. et al. Adjuvant interferon alfa in malignant melanoma: An interdisciplinary and multinational expert review. Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol. 85(2), 149\u2013161 (2013).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"issue":"17","key":"85294_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.56.2736","volume":"33","author":"D Schadendorf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schadendorf, D. et al. Pooled analysis of long-termsurvival data from phase II and phase III trials of Ipilimumab in unresectable ormetastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 33(17), 1889\u20131894 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"85294_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1918","volume":"156","author":"A Slominski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slominski, A. & Postlethwaite, A. E. Skin Under the Sun: When Melanin Pigment Meets Vitamin D. Endocrinology 156(1), 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2014-1918 (2015).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"85294_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2017.3","volume":"97","author":"A Slominski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Slominski, A. et al. Vitamin D signaling and melanoma: role of vitamin D and its receptors in melanoma progression and management. Lab Invest 97, 706\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.2017.3 (2017).","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"85294_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0323-8","volume":"19","author":"E Kechichian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kechichian, E. & Ezzedine, K. Vitamin D and the skin: an update for dermatologists. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 19(2), 223\u2013235 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"85294_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000437","volume":"28","author":"MS Cattaruzza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cattaruzza, M. S. et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D serumlevels and melanoma risk: a case-control study and evidence synthesis of clinical epidemiological studies. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 28(3), 203\u2013211 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"85294_CR10","first-page":"59","volume":"86","author":"G Lippi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lippi, G. et al. The burden of vitamin D deficiency in a mediterranean country without a policy of food fortification. Acta Biomedica 86(1), 59\u201362 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Biomedica"},{"issue":"3","key":"85294_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.13403","volume":"7","author":"ET Jacobs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jacobs, E. T. et al. Vitamin D and colorectal, breastand prostate cancers: a review of the epidemiological evidence. J. Cancer 7(3), 232\u2013240 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"85294_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000334","volume":"26","author":"MN Ombra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ombra, M. N. et al. Vitamin D status and risk for malignant cutaneous melanoma: recent advances. Eur. J. Cancer Prevent. 26(6), 532\u2013541 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prevent."},{"issue":"1","key":"85294_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.091","volume":"121","author":"K Brock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brock, K. et al. Low vitamin D status is associatedwith physical inactivity, obesity and low vitamin D intake in a large US sampleof healty middle-aged men and women. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 121(1), 462\u2013466 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"85294_CR14","first-page":"3669","volume":"29","author":"B Nurnberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nurnberg, B. et al. Reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitaminD levels in stage IV melanoma patients. Anticancer Res. 29(9), 3669\u20133674 (2009).","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"85294_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.037","volume":"79","author":"GP Kwon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwon, G. P. et al. Association of 25-hydroxyvitaminD levels and cutaneous melanoma: A nested case-control study of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observation Study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 79(1), 145\u2013147 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"85294_CR16","first-page":"E35112","volume":"7","author":"JM Major","year":"2012","unstructured":"Major, J. M. et al. Pre-diagnostic circulating vitaminD and risk of melanoma in men. Public Libr. Sci. (PLOS) 7(4), E35112 (2012).","journal-title":"Public Libr. Sci. (PLOS)"},{"issue":"32","key":"85294_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.1135","volume":"27","author":"JA Newton-Bishop","year":"2009","unstructured":"Newton-Bishop, J. A. et al. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are associated with Breslow thickness at presentationand survival from melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(32), 5439\u20135444 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"85294_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12648","volume":"59","author":"A Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim, A., Shayan, R. & Varigos, G. High serum vitamin D level correlates withbetter prognostic indicators in primary melanoma: a pilot study. Aust. J. Dermatol. 59(3), 182\u2013187 (2018).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"85294_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29334","volume":"136","author":"JA Newton-Bishop","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newton-Bishop, J. A. et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2\/D3 levels and factors associated with systemic inflammation and melanoma survival in the Leeds Melanoma Cohort. Int. J. Cancer 136(12), 2890\u20132899 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"85294_CR20","unstructured":"Linee Guida Melanoma 2018 AIOM"},{"key":"85294_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1104","volume":"63","author":"A Piotrowska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piotrowska, A., Wierzbicka, J. & Zmijewski, M. A. Vitamin D in the skin physiology and pathology. Acta Biochim Pol. 63, 17\u201329 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol."},{"issue":"8","key":"85294_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16189","volume":"34","author":"TY Tsai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsai, T. Y., Kuo, C. Y. & Huang, Y. C. The association between serum vitamin D level and risk and prognosis of melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 34(8), 1722\u20131729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.16189 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"85294_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14875","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14875","volume":"5","author":"AT Slominski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slominski, A. T. et al. Detection of novel CYP11A1-derived secosteroids in the human epidermis and serum and pig adrenal gland. Sci. Rep. 5, 14875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep14875 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85294-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85294-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85294-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T05:07:41Z","timestamp":1670044061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85294-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85294-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5815"}}