{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:50:28Z","timestamp":1785498628310,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"PERSONMED \u2013 Center for the Development of Personalized Medicine in Age-Related Diseases","award":["Reg. Nr.CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_ 048\/0007441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Reg. Nr.CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_ 048\/0007441"]}]},{"name":"Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic","award":["project PROGRES Q40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project PROGRES Q40"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the IgGFc-binding protein (FcgammaBP) concentration in amniotic and cervical fluids in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL) and to assess the diagnostic indices of FcgammaBP to predict intra-amniotic infection (the presence of both microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation). In this study, we included 170 and 79 women with PPROM and PTL, respectively. Paired cervical and amniotic fluid samples were obtained using a Dacron polyester swab and transabdominal amniocentesis, respectively. The FcgammaBP concentrations in the samples were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The presence of intra-amniotic infection was associated with elevated FcgammaBP concentrations in pregnancies with PPROM and PTL [PPROM\u2014presence: 86\u00a0ng\/mL vs. absence: 13\u00a0ng\/mL,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)\u2009=\u20090.94; PTL\u2014presence: 140\u00a0ng\/mL vs. absence: 22\u00a0ng\/mL,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, AUC\u2009=\u20090.86]. In cervical fluid, the concentrations of FcgammaBP were elevated in the presence of intra-amniotic infection in pregnancies with PPROM only (presence: 345\u00a0ng\/mL vs. absence: 60\u00a0ng\/mL,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, AUC\u2009=\u20090.93). FcgammaBP in amniotic fluid might be a marker of intra-amniotic infection in women with both PPROM and PTL However, in cervical fluid, it is only observed in women with PPROM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85473-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T11:03:33Z","timestamp":1615979013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["IgGFc-binding protein in pregnancies complicated by spontaneous preterm delivery: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Stranik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Kacerovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Soucek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Kolackova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Musilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Pliskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radka","family":"Bolehovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Bostik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Matulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jacobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ctirad","family":"Andrys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"85473_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","volume":"371","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D. & Romero, R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 371, 75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"85473_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","volume":"345","author":"R Romero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romero, R., Dey, S. K. & Fisher, S. J. Preterm labor: One syndrome, many causes. Science 345, 760\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1251816 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"85473_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108882","volume":"183","author":"P Pacora","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pacora, P. et al. Lactoferrin in intrauterine infection, human parturition, and rupture of fetal membranes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 183, 904\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mob.2000.108882 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2001.044","volume":"29","author":"E Maymon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maymon, E. et al. A role for the 72 kDa gelatinase (MMP-2) and its inhibitor (TIMP-2) in human parturition, premature rupture of membranes and intraamniotic infection. J. Perinat. Med. 29, 308\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/JPM.2001.044 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"85473_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.13.1.2.21","volume":"13","author":"J Espinoza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Espinoza, J. et al. Antimicrobial peptides in amniotic fluid: Defensins, calprotectin and bacterial\/permeability-increasing protein in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 13, 2\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/jmf.13.1.2.21 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00157.x","volume":"82","author":"B Jacobsson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jacobsson, B. et al. Microbial invasion and cytokine response in amniotic fluid in a Swedish population of women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 82, 423\u2013431 (2003).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"85473_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903019684","volume":"22","author":"JP Kusanovic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kusanovic, J. P. et al. Amniotic fluid soluble human leukocyte antigen-G in term and preterm parturition, and intra-amniotic infection\/inflammation. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 22, 1151\u20131166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767050903019684 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050902994796","volume":"22","author":"O Erez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Erez, O. et al. Differential expression pattern of genes encoding for anti-microbial peptides in the fetal membranes of patients with spontaneous preterm labor and intact membranes and those with preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 22, 1103\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767050902994796 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050902994648","volume":"22","author":"SE Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee, S. E., Park, I. S., Romero, R. & Yoon, B. H. Amniotic fluid prostaglandin F2 increases even in sterile amniotic fluid and is an independent predictor of impending delivery in preterm premature rupture of membranes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 22, 880\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767050902994648 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2009.093","volume":"37","author":"P Pacora","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pacora, P. et al. Amniotic fluid angiopoietin-2 in term and preterm parturition, and intra-amniotic infection\/inflammation. J. Perinat. Med. 37, 503\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/JPM.2009.093 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"85473_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836.e831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.037","volume":"213","author":"R Romero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Romero, R. et al. Evidence of perturbations of the cytokine network in preterm labor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 213, 836.e831\u2013836.e818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.037 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.958463","volume":"28","author":"R Romero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Romero, R. et al. Sterile and microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 28, 1394\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2014.958463 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133929","volume":"10","author":"I Musilova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Musilova, I. et al. Intraamniotic inflammation in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. PLoS ONE 10, e0133929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0133929 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"85473_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12296","volume":"72","author":"R Romero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romero, R. et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 72, 458\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12296 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"85473_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.954243","volume":"28","author":"R Romero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Romero, R. et al. Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix: Prevalence and clinical significance. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 28, 1343\u20131359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2014.954243 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.085","volume":"191","author":"SS Shim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shim, S. S. et al. Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 191, 1339\u20131345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.085 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"292","key":"85473_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.040","volume":"197","author":"KW Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim, K. W. et al. A rapid matrix metalloproteinase-8 bedside test for the detection of intraamniotic inflammation in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 197(292), e291-295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.040 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"385","key":"85473_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.069","volume":"211","author":"M Kacerovsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kacerovsky, M. et al. Bedside assessment of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 211(385), e381-389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.069 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.961417","volume":"28","author":"P Chaemsaithong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaemsaithong, P. et al. A point of care test for the determination of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and the chemokine CXCL-10\/IP-10. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 28, 1510\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2014.961417 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1006621","volume":"29","author":"P Chaemsaithong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaemsaithong, P. et al. A point of care test for interleukin-6 in amniotic fluid in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: A step toward the early treatment of acute intra-amniotic inflammation\/infection. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 29, 360\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2015.1006621 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1281904","volume":"31","author":"P Chaemsaithong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chaemsaithong, P. et al. Comparison of rapid MMP-8 and interleukin-6 point-of-care tests to identify intra-amniotic inflammation\/infection and impending preterm delivery in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes(). J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 31, 228\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2017.1281904 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1533947","author":"I Musilova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Musilova, I. et al. Interleukin-6 measured using the automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method for the identification of intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2018.1533947 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0683-z","volume":"7","author":"L Soucy-Giguere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soucy-Giguere, L. et al. Intra-amniotic inflammation and child neurodevelopment: A systematic review protocol. Syst. Rev. 7, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-018-0683-z (2018).","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"85473_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1399118","volume":"32","author":"A Rodriguez-Trujillo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Trujillo, A. et al. Influence of perinatal inflammation on the neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 32, 1069\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2017.1399118 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000450997","volume":"42","author":"KL Archabald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Archabald, K. L. et al. Limiting the exposure of select fetuses to intrauterine infection\/inflammation improves short-term neonatal outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 42, 99\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000450997 (2017).","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"85473_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12905","volume":"95","author":"A Rodriguez-Trujillo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Trujillo, A. et al. Gestational age is more important for short-term neonatal outcome than microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity or intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 95, 926\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.12905 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"85473_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1020293","volume":"29","author":"J Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, J. et al. A new anti-microbial combination prolongs the latency period, reduces acute histologic chorioamnionitis as well as funisitis, and improves neonatal outcomes in preterm PROM. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 29, 707\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2015.1020293 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01427.x","volume":"91","author":"T Cobo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cobo, T. et al. Intra-amniotic inflammation predicts microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity but not spontaneous preterm delivery in preterm prelabor membrane rupture. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 91, 930\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01427.x (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"85473_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.4.462","volume":"292","author":"MG Gravett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gravett, M. G. et al. Diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection by proteomic profiling and identification of novel biomarkers. JAMA 292, 462\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.292.4.462 (2004).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"85473_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00340.x","volume":"112","author":"IA Buhimschi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buhimschi, I. A., Christner, R. & Buhimschi, C. S. Proteomic biomarker analysis of amniotic fluid for identification of intra-amniotic inflammation. BJOG 112, 173\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00340.x (2005).","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"85473_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.017","volume":"193","author":"LL Klein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klein, L. L. et al. Detection of intra-amniotic infection in a rabbit model by proteomics-based amniotic fluid analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 193, 1302\u20131306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.017 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050139e","volume":"4","author":"U Ruetschi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ruetschi, U. et al. Proteomic analysis using protein chips to detect biomarkers in cervical and amniotic fluid in women with intra-amniotic inflammation. J. Proteome Res. 4, 2236\u20132242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr050139e (2005).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"85473_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060149v","volume":"6","author":"MG Gravett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gravett, M. G. et al. Proteomic analysis of cervical-vaginal fluid: Identification of novel biomarkers for detection of intra-amniotic infection. J. Proteome Res. 6, 89\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr060149v (2007).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"85473_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050802045848","volume":"21","author":"R Romero","year":"2008","unstructured":"Romero, R. et al. Proteomic analysis of amniotic fluid to identify women with preterm labor and intra-amniotic inflammation\/infection: The use of a novel computational method to analyze mass spectrometric profiling. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 21, 367\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767050802045848 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903067386","volume":"23","author":"R Romero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Romero, R. et al. Isobaric labeling and tandem mass spectrometry: A novel approach for profiling and quantifying proteins differentially expressed in amniotic fluid in preterm labor with and without intra-amniotic infection\/inflammation. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 23, 261\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767050903067386 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041164","volume":"7","author":"V Tambor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tambor, V. et al. Amniotic fluid cathelicidin in PPROM pregnancies: From proteomic discovery to assessing its potential in inflammatory complications diagnosis. PLoS ONE 7, e41164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0041164 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"85473_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343501","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/343501","volume":"2015","author":"V Tambor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tambor, V. et al. Potential peripartum markers of infectious-inflammatory complications in spontaneous preterm birth. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 343501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/343501 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"85473_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000478259","volume":"44","author":"T Cobo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cobo, T. et al. Cervical alpha-actinin-4 is upregulated in women with threatened preterm labor and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 44, 36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000478259 (2018).","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"85473_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13030","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13030","volume":"80","author":"RNM Govia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Govia, R. N. M. et al. Amniotic fluid proteomic signatures of cervical insufficiency and their association with length of latency. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 80, e13030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13030 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"85473_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1800008","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201800008","volume":"12","author":"M Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, M. et al. A comparative proteomics analysis of five body fluids: Plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, and saliva. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 12, e1800008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prca.201800008 (2018).","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin. Appl."},{"key":"85473_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.8967","volume":"18","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Placental protein 14 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Mol. Med. Rep. 18, 113\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2018.8967 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"85473_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.04.023","volume":"192","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, X., Song, Y., Guo, Z., Sun, W. & Liu, J. A comprehensive profile and inter-individual variations analysis of the human normal amniotic fluid proteome. J. Proteomics 192, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.04.023 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"85473_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155164","volume":"11","author":"M Hallingstrom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hallingstrom, M. et al. Proteomic analysis of early mid-trimester amniotic fluid does not predict spontaneous preterm delivery. PLoS ONE 11, e0155164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0155164 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"85473_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17559","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17559","volume":"5","author":"D An","year":"2015","unstructured":"An, D. et al. Identification of PCSK9 as a novel serum biomarker for the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects using iTRAQ quantitative proteomics. Sci. Rep. 5, 17559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep17559 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85473_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00073","volume":"159","author":"CL Dixon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dixon, C. L. et al. Amniotic fluid exosome proteomic profile exhibits unique pathways of term and preterm labor. Endocrinology 159, 2229\u20132240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2018-00073 (2018).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"85473_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103276","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103276","volume":"9","author":"Z Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Yuan, Z. & Zhao, Q. SELDI-TOF-MS proteomic profiling of serum, urine, and amniotic fluid in neural tube defects. PLoS ONE 9, e103276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103276 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"85473_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.712565","volume":"25","author":"C Fotopoulou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fotopoulou, C. et al. Proteomic analysis of midtrimester amniotic fluid to identify novel biomarkers for preterm delivery. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 25, 2488\u20132493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2012.712565 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112438441","volume":"19","author":"KJ Oh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oh, K. J. et al. Proteomic biomarkers in second trimester amniotic fluid that identify women who are destined to develop preeclampsia. Reprod. Sci. 19, 694\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719112438441 (2012).","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"85473_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-011-0083-0","volume":"2","author":"GT Tsangaris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsangaris, G. T. et al. Application of proteomics for the identification of biomarkers in amniotic fluid: Are we ready to provide a reliable prediction?. EPMA J. 2, 149\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13167-011-0083-0 (2011).","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"85473_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1586\/epr.10.112","volume":"8","author":"A Kolialexi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kolialexi, A., Tounta, G., Mavrou, A. & Tsangaris, G. T. Proteomic analysis of amniotic fluid for the diagnosis of fetal aneuploidies. Expert Rev. Proteomics 8, 175\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/epr.10.112 (2011).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteomics"},{"key":"85473_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.0912.12035","volume":"20","author":"J Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park, J. et al. Comparative proteomic analysis of human amniotic fluid supernatants with Down syndrome using mass spectrometry. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 20, 959\u2013967 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"85473_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388.e381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.056","volume":"202","author":"J Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, J. et al. Identification and characterization of proteins in amniotic fluid that are differentially expressed before and after antenatal corticosteroid administration. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 202, 388.e381\u2013388.e388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.056 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719108316909","volume":"15","author":"JS Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park, J. S. et al. Identification of proteomic biomarkers of preeclampsia in amniotic fluid using SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Reprod. Sci. 15, 457\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719108316909 (2008).","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"85473_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1021\/pr700588u","volume":"7","author":"A Mavrou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mavrou, A. et al. Proteomic analysis of amniotic fluid in pregnancies with Turner syndrome fetuses. J. Proteome Res. 7, 1862\u20131866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr700588u (2008).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"85473_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200700040","volume":"1","author":"A Kolialexi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kolialexi, A., Mavrou, A. & Tsangaris, G. T. Proteomic analysis of human reproductive fluids. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 1, 853\u2013860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prca.200700040 (2007).","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin. Appl."},{"key":"85473_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060543t","volume":"6","author":"JE Michaels","year":"2007","unstructured":"Michaels, J. E. et al. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of the human amniotic fluid proteome: Gestational age-dependent changes. J. Proteome Res. 6, 1277\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr060543t (2007).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"85473_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.12.006","volume":"850","author":"PA Queloz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Queloz, P. A. et al. Proteomic analyses of amniotic fluid: Potential applications in health and diseases. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 850, 336\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.12.006 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"85473_CR58","first-page":"479","volume":"20","author":"GT Tsangaris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsangaris, G. T. et al. The normal human amniotic fluid supernatant proteome. In Vivo 20, 479\u2013490 (2006).","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"85473_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200500680","volume":"27","author":"PE Michel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Michel, P. E. et al. Proteome analysis of human plasma and amniotic fluid by Off-Gel isoelectric focusing followed by nano-LC-MS\/MS. Electrophoresis 27, 1169\u20131181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elps.200500680 (2006).","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"85473_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200500084","volume":"6","author":"SJ Park","year":"2006","unstructured":"Park, S. J. et al. Proteome analysis of human amnion and amniotic fluid by two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Proteomics 6, 349\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmic.200500084 (2006).","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"85473_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050802053289","volume":"21","author":"E Bujold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bujold, E. et al. Proteomic profiling of amniotic fluid in preterm labor using two-dimensional liquid separation and mass spectrometry. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 21, 697\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767050802053289 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15232","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.24.15232","volume":"272","author":"N Harada","year":"1997","unstructured":"Harada, N. et al. Human IgGFc binding protein (FcgammaBP) in colonic epithelial cells exhibits mucin-like structure. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15232\u201315241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.272.24.15232 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"85473_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1740517","volume":"174","author":"N O'Donovan","year":"2002","unstructured":"O\u2019Donovan, N. et al. Differential expression of IgG Fc binding protein (FcgammaBP) in human normal thyroid tissue, thyroid adenomas and thyroid carcinomas. J. Endocrinol. 174, 517\u2013524 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"85473_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(01)00288-7","volume":"79","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kobayashi, K. et al. Detection of Fcgamma binding protein antigen in human sera and its relation with autoimmune diseases. Immunol. Lett. 79, 229\u2013235 (2001).","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"85473_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.8.2567","volume":"143","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kobayashi, K., Blaser, M. J. & Brown, W. R. Identification of a unique IgG Fc binding site in human intestinal epithelium. J. Immunol. 143, 2567\u20132574 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"85473_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.1.68","volume":"146","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kobayashi, K., Hamada, Y., Blaser, M. J. & Brown, W. R. The molecular configuration and ultrastructural locations of an IgG Fc binding site in human colonic epithelium. J. Immunol. 146, 68\u201374 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"85473_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300661","volume":"191","author":"K Racicot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Racicot, K. et al. Viral infection of the pregnant cervix predisposes to ascending bacterial infection. J. Immunol. 191, 934\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1300661 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"85473_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123034","volume":"187","author":"M Hein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hein, M., Valore, E. V., Helmig, R. B., Uldbjerg, N. & Ganz, T. Antimicrobial factors in the cervical mucus plug. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 187, 137\u2013144 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12296","volume":"93","author":"LK Hansen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hansen, L. K. et al. The cervical mucus plug inhibits, but does not block, the passage of ascending bacteria from the vagina during pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 93, 102\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.12296 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"85473_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103434","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103434","volume":"9","author":"L Frew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frew, L. et al. Human cathelicidin production by the cervix. PLoS ONE 9, e103434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103434 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"85473_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1297792","volume":"31","author":"I Musilova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Musilova, I. et al. Cervical fluid interleukin 6 and intra-amniotic complications of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 31, 827\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2017.1297792 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"85473_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.4932-4941.1998","volume":"66","author":"SB Winram","year":"1998","unstructured":"Winram, S. B., Jonas, M., Chi, E. & Rubens, C. E. Characterization of group B streptococcal invasion of human chorion and amnion epithelial cells in vitro. Infect. Immun. 66, 4932\u20134941 (1998).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"85473_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(00)00345-6","volume":"94","author":"N Kjaergaard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kjaergaard, N. et al. Antibacterial properties of human amnion and chorion in vitro. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 94, 224\u2013229 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"85473_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00009-3","volume":"83","author":"N Kjaergaard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kjaergaard, N. et al. Chorioamniotic membranes constitute a competent barrier to group b streptococcus in vitro. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 83, 165\u2013169 (1999).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"85473_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90125-6","volume":"156","author":"B Azzarelli","year":"1987","unstructured":"Azzarelli, B. & Lafuze, J. Amniotic basement membrane: A barrier to neutrophil invasion. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 156, 1130\u20131136 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR76","first-page":"787","volume":"78","author":"E Turley","year":"1987","unstructured":"Turley, E., Tretiak, M. & Tanguay, K. Effect of glycosaminoglycans and enzymes on the integrity of human placental amnion as a barrier to cell invasion. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78, 787\u2013795 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"85473_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.009","volume":"191","author":"YM Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim, Y. M. et al. Toll-like receptor-2 and -4 in the chorioamniotic membranes in spontaneous labor at term and in preterm parturition that are associated with chorioamnionitis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 191, 1346\u20131355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.009 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2707","volume":"10","author":"MT Abreu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abreu, M. T. Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: How bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10, 131\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri2707 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"85473_CR79","first-page":"13","volume":"32","author":"AR Hayati","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayati, A. R., Mohamed, A. E. & Tan, G. C. An immunohistochemical study of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in placenta with and without infection. Malays. J. Pathol. 32, 13\u201319 (2010).","journal-title":"Malays. J. Pathol."},{"key":"85473_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000000229","volume":"123","author":"GJ van Baaren","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Baaren, G. J. et al. Predictive value of cervical length measurement and fibronectin testing in threatened preterm labor. Obstet. Gynecol. 123, 1185\u20131192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0000000000000229 (2014).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"85473_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119355","volume":"10","author":"F Fouhy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fouhy, F. et al. The effects of freezing on faecal microbiota as determined using MiSeq sequencing and culture-based investigations. PLoS ONE 10, e0119355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0119355 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"85473_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.2.335-351.1994","volume":"32","author":"K Greisen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Greisen, K., Loeffelholz, M., Purohit, A. & Leong, D. PCR primers and probes for the 16S rRNA gene of most species of pathogenic bacteria, including bacteria found in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 335\u2013351 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85473-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85473-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85473-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T08:29:49Z","timestamp":1698049789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85473-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85473-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6107"}}