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Indeed, two intestinal bacterial metabolites\u2014blood Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and butyrate\u2014have been related to a worse prognosis in HF. However, the relationship between the exhaled concentrations of hydrogen after a breath test and these two metabolites remains unknown. Thus, in this post-hoc analysis, we sought to evaluate whether these two metabolites are associated with the exhaled concentrations of hydrogen after a breath test in patients with a recent admission for HF. We included 60 patients with a recent hospitalization for HF. Cumulative hydrogen over time was integrated into a single measurement by the area under the concentration curve (AUC-H2). A linear regression multivariable analysis was used to evaluate the associations. A 2-sided p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The median (p25\u2013p75) amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, AUC-H2, TMAO, and Butyrate were 4789\u00a0pg\/ml (1956\u201311149), 1615 (700\u20132585), 0.68 (0.42\u20131.12), and 0.22\u2009\u00b1\u200913, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, TMAO and butyrate were significantly associated with AUC-H2 (p\u2009=\u20090.027 and p\u2009=\u20090.009, respectively). For TMAO, this association was positive and for butyrate, negative. Bacterial-origin metabolites TMAO and Butyrate were independently related to AUC-H2 in patients with a recent hospitalization for acute HF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85527-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T11:03:33Z","timestamp":1615979013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Bacterial metabolites trimethylamine N-oxide and butyrate as surrogates of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with a recent decompensated heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Mollar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vannina G.","family":"Marrachelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Monleon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicent","family":"Bod\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"85527_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0108-7","volume":"16","author":"WHW Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, W. 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