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Additionally, opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients require further antimicrobial medications that might cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The objective of this study was to to compare the recognition of DDIs between antiretrovirals and antimicrobials by three proprietary databases and evaluate their concordance. 114 items of antiretrovirals and antimicrobials from the National List of Essential Medicines of Thailand 2018 were used in the study. However, 21 items were not recognised by Micromedex, Drugs.com, and Liverpool HIV interactions. Only 93 items were available for the detection of potential DDIs by the three databases. Potential DDIs detected from the three databases included 292 pairs. Liverpool showed the highest number of DDIs with 285 pairs compared with 259 pairs by drugs.com and 133 pairs by Micromedex. Regarding the severity classifications, Liverpool reported 10% Contraindicated; Micromedex reported 14% contraindicated and 59% major; Drugs.com reported 21% major. The Fleiss\u2019 kappa agreements were fair to poor among the three databases, higher agreement was observed for DDIs classified as severe. This study highlights the need to harmonize the evaluation and interpretation of DDI risk in order to produce standardized information to support prescribers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85586-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T11:03:33Z","timestamp":1615979013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Potential drug-drug interactions of antiretrovirals and antimicrobials detected by three databases"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pornpun","family":"Vivithanaporn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teetat","family":"Kongratanapasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bovornpat","family":"Suriyapakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pichayut","family":"Songkunlertchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patpicha","family":"Mongkonariyawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patanachai K.","family":"Limpikirati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phisit","family":"Khemawoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"85586_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1128\/MR.57.1.183-289.1993","volume":"57","author":"JA Levy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Levy, J. 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