{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:34:43Z","timestamp":1784892883351,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study determined the effects of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic> (LS) administered early in the life of suckling piglets on their growth performance, gut morphology, and gut microbiota. Thirty litters of 3-day-old crossbreed piglets were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments, and treatments were commenced on day 3 after birth. During the whole period of the experiment, the piglets were kept with their mothers and left to suckle ad libitum while being supplemented with a milk formula with or without the bacterial probiotic supplemented. The control group (CON) was not treated with probiotics, the HLS group was treated with LS144 (HLS) screened from feces of fast-growing pigs with high body mass index (BMI) while the NLS group was supplemented with LS160 (NLS) screened from feces obtained from pigs of normal BMI. At the weaning time, a higher abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Elusimicrobia phyla were observed in NLS piglets, whereas the abundance of Fibrobacteres phylum was significantly reduced in NLS and HLS piglets compared with the CON. A greater abundance of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> was detected in the HLS treatment compared with the CON. The abundance of <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fibrobacter<\/jats:italic> was higher in the CON piglets compared with the HLS and NLS piglets. Compared with the CON group, the oral administration of LS significantly increased the number of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and villus height in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Moreover, the villus height of the duodenum was significantly improved in the HLS treatment compared with the NLS treatment. Based on the findings in the neonatal piglet model, we suggest that oral supplementation of LS, particularly LS isolated from high BMI pigs, could be beneficial by improving the intestinal villus height.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85630-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T11:04:07Z","timestamp":1616583847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius isolated from feces of fast-growing pigs on intestinal microbiota and morphology of suckling piglets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Moturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Yeol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolreza","family":"Hosseindoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongbin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Bae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung Jo","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"85630_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37186-2","volume":"9","author":"X Ding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ding, X., Lan, W., Liu, G., Ni, H. & Gu, J. D. Exploring possible associations of the intestine bacterial microbiome with the pre-weaned weight gaining performance of piglets in intensive pig production. Sci. Rep. 9, 1\u201310 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85630_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.08.003","volume":"191","author":"SH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, S. H. et al. Bacteriophages as a promising anti-pathogenic option in creep-feed for suckling piglets: targeted to control Clostridium spp. and coliforms faecal shedding. Livest. Sci. 191, 161\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.08.003 (2016).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"85630_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.5.1035s","volume":"69","author":"RI Mackie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mackie, R. I., Sghir, A. & Gaskins, H. R. Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69, 1035\u20131045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/69.5.1035s (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"85630_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12567","volume":"101","author":"AR Hosseindoust","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosseindoust, A. R. et al. Productive performance of weanling piglets was improved by administration of a mixture of bacteriophages, targeted to control Coliforms and Clostridium spp. shedding in a challenging environment. J. Anim. Physiol. An. N. 101, 98\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpn.12567 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. An. N."},{"key":"85630_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30932-6","volume":"8","author":"D Crespo-Piazuelo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crespo-Piazuelo, D. et al. Characterization of bacterial microbiota compositions along the intestinal tract in pigs and their interactions and functions. Sci. Rep. 8, 12727 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85630_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-9514-3","author":"J Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, J., Wang, C., Liu, L. & Zhang, M. Lactobacillus reuteri KT260178 supplementation reduced morbidity of piglets through its targeted colonization, improvement of cecal microbiota profile, and immune functions. Probiot. Antimicro. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-019-9514-3 (2019).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.06.018","volume":"227","author":"YD Jeong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeong, Y. D. et al. Lactobacillus-based fermentation product and lactose level in the feed for weanling pigs: effects on intestinal morphology, microbiota, gas emission, and targeted intestinal coliforms. Livest. Sci. 227, 90\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.06.018 (2019).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"85630_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.17221\/7\/2016-VETMED","volume":"62","author":"AR Hosseindoust","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosseindoust, A. R. et al. Dietary bacteriophages as an alternative for zinc oxide or organic acids to control diarrhoea and improve the performance of weanling piglets. Vet. Med. 62, 53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17221\/7\/2016-VETMED (2017).","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"85630_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40235-z","volume":"9","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Examination of the temporal and spatial dynamics of the gut microbiome in newborn piglets reveals distinct microbial communities in six intestinal segments. Sci. Rep. 9, 3453 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85630_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19810053","volume":"46","author":"BF Sansom","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sansom, B. F. & Gleed, P. T. The ingestion of sow\u2019s faeces by suckling piglets. Br. J. Nutr. 46, 451\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/BJN19810053 (1981).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"85630_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68483-4","volume":"10","author":"J Brandi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brandi, J. et al. Exploring the wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogenic and proteomic effects of lactic acid bacteria on keratinocytes. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-68483-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85630_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116001166","volume":"11","author":"JS Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, J. S. et al. Bacteriophage cocktail and multi-strain probiotics in the feed for weanling pigs: effects on intestine morphology and targeted intestinal coliforms and Clostridium. Animal 11, 45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731116001166 (2017).","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"85630_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2017.1351369","volume":"46","author":"A Hosseindoust","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hosseindoust, A., Mohammadi, M., Yao, Z. P., Jung, M. & Kim, I. H. Dietary Bacillus subtilis B2A strain in laying hens challenged with Salmonella gallinarum: effects on egg production, egg quality, blood haptoglobin and targeted intestinal Salmonella shedding. J. Appl. Anim. 46, 512\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09712119.2017.1351369 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim."},{"key":"85630_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9430-y","volume":"11","author":"ZC Dlamini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dlamini, Z. C., Langa, R. L., Aiyegoro, O. A. & Okoh, A. I. Safety evaluation and colonisation abilities of four lactic acid bacteria as future probiotics. Probiot. Antimicro. 11, 397\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-018-9430-y (2019).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9309-3","volume":"10","author":"LL Verso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verso, L. L., Lessard, M., Talbot, G., Fernandez, B. & Fliss, I. Isolation and selection of potential probiotic bacteria from the pig gastrointestinal tract. Probiot. Antimicro. 10, 299\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-017-9309-3 (2018).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-014-9162-6","volume":"6","author":"I Al Kassaa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al Kassaa, I., Hober, D., Hamze, M., Chihib, N. E. & Drider, D. Antiviral potential of lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins. Probiot. Antimicro. 6, 177\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-014-9162-6 (2014).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-010-9037-4","volume":"2","author":"MSJ Tom\u00e1s","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1s, M. S. J., Bru, E., Wiese, B. & Nader-Mac\u00edas, M. E. F. Optimization of low-cost culture media for the production of biomass and bacteriocin by a Urogenital Lactobacillus salivarius strain. Probiot. Antimicro. 2, 2\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-010-9037-4 (2010).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31113","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031113","volume":"7","author":"E Riboulet-Bisson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riboulet-Bisson, E. et al. Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius bacteriocin Abp118 on the mouse and pig intestinal microbiota. PLoS ONE 7, 31113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0031113 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"85630_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9413-z","volume":"11","author":"S Gancar\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gancar\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, S. et al. The influence of feed-supplementation with probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri CCM 8617 and alginite on intestinal microenvironment of SPF mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium CCM 7205. Probiotics Antimicro. 11, 493\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-018-9413-z (2019).","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9304-8","volume":"10","author":"M Abhisingha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abhisingha, M., Dumnil, J. & Pitaksutheepong, C. Selection of potential probiotic Lactobacillus with inhibitory activity against Salmonella and fecal coliform bacteria. Probiot. Antimicro. 10, 218\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-017-9304-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9323-5","volume":"10","author":"CH Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang, C. H., Han, S. H., Kim, Y., Paek, N. S. & So, J. S. In vitro probiotic properties of Lactobacillus salivarius MG242 isolated from human vagina. Probiot. Antimicro. 10, 343\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-017-9323-5 (2018).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2016.1188676","volume":"15","author":"S Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, S. et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage with or without zinc oxide on the performance and gut development of weanling pigs. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 15, 412\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1828051X.2016.1188676 (2016).","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"85630_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8304-7","volume":"101","author":"GG Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han, G. G. et al. Evaluating the association between body weight and the intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets via 16S rRNA sequencing. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 101, 5903\u20135911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-017-8304-7 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"85630_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9460-5","volume":"11","author":"E Laskowska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laskowska, E., Jarosz, \u0141S. & Gr\u0105dzki, Z. Effect of the EM Bokashi multimicrobial probiotic preparation on the non-specific immune response in pigs. Probiot. Antimicro. 11, 1264\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-018-9460-5 (2019).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09570-5","author":"M Zommiti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zommiti, M., Chikindas, M. L. & Ferchichi, M. Probiotics-live biotherapeutics: a story of success, limitations, and future prospects\u2014Not only for humans. Probiot. Antimicro. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-019-09570-5 (2019).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576185","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.576185","volume":"10","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. The in vitro effects of the probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei ZX633 on gut microbiota composition in infants with diarrhea. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol 10, 576185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.576185 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol"},{"key":"85630_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2710","volume":"10","author":"L Hooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hooper, L. & Macpherson, A. Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota. Nat Rev Immunol 10, 159\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri2710 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"85630_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2013.04.002","volume":"36","author":"KA Jewell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jewell, K. A., Scott, J. J., Adams, S. M. & Suen, G. A. phylogenetic analysis of the phylum Fibrobacteres. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 36, 376\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.syapm.2013.04.002 (2013).","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"85630_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"GG Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han, G. G. et al. Tracing of the fecal microbiota of commercial pigs at five growth stages from birth to shipment. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u20139 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85630_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24508-7","volume":"8","author":"GG Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han, G. G. et al. Tracing of the fecal microbiota of commercial pigs at five growth stages from birth to shipment. Sci. Rep. 8, 6012 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85630_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2016.10.001","volume":"40","author":"C De Witte","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Witte, C. et al. Detection, isolation and characterization of Fusobacterium gastrosuis sp. Nov. colonizing the stomach of pigs. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 40, 42\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.syapm.2016.10.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"85630_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01688","volume":"8","author":"L Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. The maturing development of gut microbiota in commercial piglets during the weaning transition. Front. Microbiol. 8, 1688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01688 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"85630_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170051","volume":"12","author":"T Kubasova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kubasova, T. et al. Housing systems influence gut microbiota composition of sows but not of their piglets. PLoS ONE 12, 170051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170051 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"85630_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, D.I. & Beck. Bacterial pathogens and their virulence factors. Springer. 363\u2013379 (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67651-7_28"},{"key":"85630_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801610010057","volume":"10","author":"P Fathi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fathi, P. & Wu, S. Suppl-1, M3: isolation, detection, and characterization of enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis in clinical samples. Open Microbiol J. 10, 57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874285801610010057 (2016).","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J."},{"key":"85630_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2015.1128685","volume":"15","author":"Y Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi, Y. et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of Ecklonia cava with or without probiotics on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immunity and intestinal health in weanling pigs. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 15, 62\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1828051X.2015.1128685 (2016).","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"85630_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.16.0102","volume":"30","author":"Y Choi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi, Y. et al. Effects of Ecklonia cava as fucoidan-rich algae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and caecal microflora in weanling pigs. Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 30, 64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/ajas.16.0102 (2017).","journal-title":"Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"85630_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56847-4","volume":"10","author":"S Spring","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spring, S. et al. Low protein-high carbohydrate diets alter energy balance, gut microbiota composition and blood metabolomics profile in young pigs. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201315 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85630_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9418-7","volume":"11","author":"S Piyadeatsoontorn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piyadeatsoontorn, S., Taharnklaew, R., Upathanpreecha, T. & Sornplang, P. Encapsulating viability of multi-strain Lactobacilli as 0. Probiot. Antimicro. 11, 438\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-018-9418-7 (2019).","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicro."},{"key":"85630_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7812-1","volume":"100","author":"S Yeo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeo, S. et al. Development of putative probiotics as feed additives: validation in a porcine-specific gastrointestinal tract model. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 100, 10043\u201310054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-016-7812-1 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"85630_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/66470\/2008","volume":"17","author":"HF Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu, H. F., Wang, A. N., Li, X. J. & Qiao, S. Y. Effect of viable Lactobacillus fermentum on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immunity of weaned pigs. J. Anim. Feed. Sci. 17, 61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22358\/jafs\/66470\/2008 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed. Sci."},{"key":"85630_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26083-3","volume":"8","author":"H Arg\u00fcello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arg\u00fcello, H. et al. Early Salmonella typhimurium infection in pigs disrupts microbiome composition and functionality principally at the ileum mucosa. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85630_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09155.x","volume":"187","author":"YL Song","year":"2000","unstructured":"Song, Y. L. et al. Rapid identification of 11 human intestinal Lactobacillus species by multiplex PCR assays using group-and species-specific primers derived from the 16S\u201323S rRNA intergenic spacer region and its flanking 23S rRNA. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 187, 167\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09155.x (2000).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"85630_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","volume":"7","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Caporaso, J. G. et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 7, 335\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.f.303 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"85630_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03006-05","volume":"72","author":"TZ DeSaint","year":"2006","unstructured":"DeSaint, T. Z. et al. Greengenes, a chinese-checked 16S rRNA genes data base and workbench compatible with ARB. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72, 5069\u20135072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.03006-05 (2006).","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"85630_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2018.1500872","volume":"18","author":"A Hosseindoust","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosseindoust, A. et al. A dose\u2013response study to evaluate the effects of pH-stable \u03b2-mannanase derived from Trichoderma citrinoviride on growth performance, nutrient retention, and intestine morphology in broiler chickens. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 18, 147\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1828051X.2018.1500872 (2019).","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88639-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85630-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85630-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85630-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T05:48:20Z","timestamp":1670046500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85630-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85630-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-88639-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-88639-0","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no compting of interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing of interests"}}],"article-number":"6757"}}