{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:34:25Z","timestamp":1782995665098,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to investigate the impact of comorbidity burden on mortality in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We analyzed the COVID-19 data from the nationwide health insurance claims of South Korea. Data on demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and mortality records of patients with COVID-19 were extracted from the database. The odds ratios of mortality according to comorbidities in these patients with and without adjustment for age and sex were calculated. The predictive value of the original Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and the age-adjusted CCI (ACCI) for mortality in these patients were investigated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Among 7590 patients, 227 (3.0%) had died. After age and sex adjustment, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, liver disease, renal disease, and cancer were significant risk factors for mortality. The ROC curve analysis showed that an ACCI threshold\u2009&gt;\u20093.5 yielded the best cut-off point for predicting mortality (area under the ROC 0.92; 95% confidence interval 0.91\u20130.94). Our study revealed multiple risk factors for mortality in patients with COVID-19. The high predictive power of the ACCI for mortality in our results can support the importance of old age and comorbidities in the severity of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85813-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T16:47:41Z","timestamp":1616086061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Impact of comorbidity burden on mortality in patients with COVID-19 using the Korean health insurance database"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Soo Ick","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susie","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"85813_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395, 497\u2013506 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"85813_CR2","unstructured":"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020."},{"key":"85813_CR3","unstructured":"Ministry of health and welfare, health insurance review and assessment service, Republic of Korea. Guidelines for COVID-19 international research co-hosted by MoHW and HIRA of Korea version 1.0. https:\/\/hira-covid19.net\/. Accessed 2 June 2020."},{"key":"85813_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005492","volume":"382","author":"L Rosenbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, L. Facing Covid-19 in Italy\u2014Ethics, logistics, and therapeutics on the epidemic\u2019s front line. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1873\u20131875 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","volume":"323","author":"G Grasselli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grasselli, G. et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA 323, 1574\u20131581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.5394 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"85813_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan, W. J. et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1708\u20131720 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14238","volume":"75","author":"JJ Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, J. J. et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy 75, 1730\u20131741 (2020).","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"85813_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","volume":"94","author":"J Yanga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanga, J., Zhenga, Y. & Goua, X. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 94, 91\u201395 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"85813_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L. & MacKenzie, C. R. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. Int. J. Chronic Dis. 40, 373\u2013383 (1987).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"85813_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.10.022","volume":"14","author":"RA Tuty Kuswardhani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tuty Kuswardhani, R. A. et al. Charlson comorbidity index and a composite of poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 14, 2103\u20132109 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"85813_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5","volume":"47","author":"M Charlson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Charlson, M., Szatrowski, T. P., Peterson, J. & Gold, J. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 47, 1245\u20131251 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"85813_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","volume":"323","author":"S Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson, S. et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA 323, 2052\u20132059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.6775 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"85813_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.20.088","volume":"53","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, H. J. et al. The delay in COVID-19 confirmation among cases from a religious group in South Korea. J. Prev. Med. Public Health. 53, 164\u2013167 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public Health."},{"key":"85813_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa354","author":"JP Dudley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dudley, J. P. & Lee, N. T. Disparities in age-specific morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 in China and the Republic of Korea. Clin. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa354 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"85813_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30922-3","volume":"395","author":"M Pareek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pareek, M. et al. Ethnicity and COVID-19: An urgent public health research priority. Lancet 395, 1421\u20131422 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"85813_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.036","volume":"68","author":"C Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee, C. \u201cRace\u201d and \u201cethnicity\u201d in biomedical research: How do scientists construct and explain differences in health?. Soc. Sci. Med. 68, 1183\u20131190 (2009).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2404-8","author":"S Hsiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hsiang, S. et al. The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2404-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"85813_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2683-3","volume":"24","author":"Y Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, Y. et al. Host susceptibility to severe COVID-19 and establishment of a host risk score: Findings of 487 cases outside Wuhan. Crit. Care. 24, 1\u20134 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Care."},{"key":"85813_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00152","volume":"8","author":"J-M Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin, J.-M. et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: Focus on severity and mortality. Front. Public Health. 8, 152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00152 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health."},{"key":"85813_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00127-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20","volume":"94","author":"Y Wan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S. & Li, F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J. Virol. 94, e00127-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00127-20 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"85813_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30117-X","volume":"8","author":"H Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai, H. Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir. Med. 8, E20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30117-X (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13443","volume":"19","author":"A Goren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goren, A. et al. A preliminary observation: Male pattern hair loss among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain\u2014A potential clue to the role of androgens in COVID-19 severity. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 19, 1545\u20131547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.13443 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"85813_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30243-7","volume":"6","author":"R Verity","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verity, R. et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: A model-based analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6, 669\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30243-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"85813_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4683","volume":"323","author":"G Onder","year":"2002","unstructured":"Onder, G., Rezza, G. & Brusaferro, S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA 323, 1775\u20131776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.4683 (2002).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"85813_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.03.013","volume":"16","author":"E Fabbri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fabbri, E. et al. Aging and multimorbidity: New tasks, priorities, and frontiers for integrated gerontological and clinical research. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 16, 640\u2013657 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"85813_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14396-9","volume":"11","author":"EJ M\u00e1rquez","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez, E. J. et al. Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging. Nat. Commun. 11, 1\u201317 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"85813_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039","volume":"153","author":"C L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn, C., Blasco, M. A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M. & Kroemer, G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153, 1194\u20131217 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"85813_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104324","volume":"93","author":"R Pranata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pranata, R. et al. Clinical frailty scale and mortality in COVID-19: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 93, 104324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104324 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"85813_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8","volume":"8","author":"L Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang, L., Karakiulakis, G. & Roth, M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?. Lancet Respir. Med. 8, e21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000688","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00688-2020","volume":"55","author":"JM Leung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leung, J. M. et al. ACE-2 Expression in the small airway epithelia of smokers and COPD patients: Implications for COVID-19. Eur. Respir. J. 55, 2000688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00688-2020 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"85813_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1105","author":"RO Bonow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonow, R. O., Fonarow, G. C., O\u2019Gara, P. T. & Yancy, C. W. Association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with myocardial injury and mortality. JAMA Cardiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1105 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"85813_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14470","author":"J Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, J., Aghemo, A., Forner, A. & Valenti, L. COVID-19 and liver disease. Liver Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.14470 (2020).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"85813_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01626-9","volume":"109","author":"B Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 109, 531\u2013538 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"85813_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105941","volume":"167","author":"G Lippi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippi, G. & Henry, B. M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Lancet Respir. Med. 167, 105941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105941 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02451-9","volume":"52","author":"BM Henry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henry, B. M. & Lippi, G. Chronic kidney disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 52, 1193\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-020-02451-9 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"85813_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1389-1","volume":"24","author":"A Bianchetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bianchetti, A. et al. Clinical presentation of COVID19 in dementia patients. J. Nutr. Health Aging. 24, 560\u2013562 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging."},{"key":"85813_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30150-9","volume":"21","author":"Y Xia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Jin, R., Zhao, J., Li, W. & Shen, H. Risk of COVID-19 for cancer patients. Lancet Oncol. 21, e180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30150-9 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"85813_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e237","volume":"35","author":"W Ji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ji, W. et al. Effect of underlying comorbidities on the infection and severity of COVID-19 in Korea: A nationwide case-control study. J. Korean Med. Sci. 35, e237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e237 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"85813_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","volume":"8","author":"X Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir. Med. 8, 475\u2013481 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1328","volume":"369","author":"L Wynants","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wynants, L. et al. Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 infection: Systematic review and critical appraisal. BMJ 369, m1328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1328 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"85813_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2033","author":"W Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang, W. et al. Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2033 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2005114","volume":"382","author":"EJ Emanuel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emanuel, E. J. et al. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 2049\u20132055 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5046","volume":"323","author":"DB White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White, D. B. & Lo, B. A framework for rationing ventilators and critical care beds during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA 323, 1773\u20131774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.5046 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"85813_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014508","volume":"131","author":"GS Collins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Collins, G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Altman, D. G. & Moons, K. G. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD). The TRIPOD statement. Circulation 131, 211\u2013219 (2015).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"85813_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.5.718","volume":"32","author":"J Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, J., Yoon, S., Kim, L. Y. & Kim, D. S. Towards actualizing the value potential of Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) data as a resource for health research: Strengths, limitations, applications, and strategies for optimal use of HIRA data. J. Korean Med. Sci. 32, 718\u2013728 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"85813_CR46","first-page":"799","volume":"46","author":"S Cheol Seong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheol Seong, S. et al. Data resource profile: The national health information database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46, 799\u2013800 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"85813_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6602","author":"S Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, S., Choi, G. J. & Ko, H. Information technology\u2014based tracing strategy in response to COVID-19 in South Korea\u2014Privacy controversies. JAMA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.6602 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"85813_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2020.40.5.351","volume":"40","author":"KH Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong, K. H. et al. Guidelines for laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korea. Ann. Lab. Med. 40, 351\u2013360 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"85813_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","volume":"43","author":"H Quan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quan, H. et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med. Care. 43, 1130\u20131139 (2005).","journal-title":"Med. Care."},{"key":"85813_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2010.43.1.42","volume":"43","author":"KH Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim, K. H. Comparative study on three algorithms of the ICD-10 Charlson comorbidity index with myocardial infarction patients. J. Prev. Med. Public Health. 43, 42\u201349 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public Health."},{"key":"85813_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-10-236","volume":"10","author":"HJ Seo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seo, H. J. et al. A comparison of the Charlson comorbidity index derived from medical records and claims data from patients undergoing lung cancer surgery in Korea: A population-based investigation. BMC Health Serv. Res. 10, 236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-10-236 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"85813_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201274","author":"SY Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, S. Y. et al. Coronavirus disease outbreak in call center, South Korea. Emerg. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2608.201274 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"85813_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113984","volume":"17","author":"H Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi, H., Cho, W., Kim, M. H. & Hur, J. Y. Public health emergency and crisis management: Case study of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17, 3984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17113984 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"85813_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e140","volume":"35","author":"PG Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, P. G. et al. Out-of-hospital cohort treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 patients with mild symptoms in Korea: An experience from a single community treatment center. J. Korean Med. Sci. 35, e140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e140 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85813-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85813-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85813-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T05:40:28Z","timestamp":1670046028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85813-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85813-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6375"}}