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However, the ability of metformin to improve non-diabetic glomerular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been explored. To investigate the effect of metformin on non-diabetic glomerular disease, we used a mouse model of Alport syndrome (<jats:italic>Col4a5<\/jats:italic> G5X) which were treated with metformin or losartan, used as a control treatment. We also investigated the effect of metformin on adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis model. Pathological and biochemical analysis showed that metformin or losartan suppressed proteinuria, renal inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerular injury and extended the lifespan in Alport syndrome mice. Transcriptome analysis showed that metformin and losartan influenced molecular pathways-related to metabolism and inflammation. Metformin altered multiple genes including metabolic genes not affected by losartan. Metformin also suppressed proteinuria and glomerular injury in the adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis mouse model. Our results showed that metformin ameliorates the glomerular sclerosis and CKD phenotype in non-diabetic chronic glomerular diseases. Metformin may have therapeutic potential for not only diabetic nephropathy but also non-diabetic glomerular disease including Alport syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86109-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T10:03:03Z","timestamp":1617012183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Metformin ameliorates the severity of experimental Alport syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kohei","family":"Omachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Kaseda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Yokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misato","family":"Kamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Teramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kuwazuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Nohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumio","family":"Ohtsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Misumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Takeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Nakagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Shuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Ann","family":"Suico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Miner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"86109_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2006040377","volume":"17","author":"M Abbate","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abbate, M., Zoja, C. & Remuzzi, G. 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