{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T15:29:23Z","timestamp":1785598163602,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Society of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine.","award":["TSPCCM-20160501A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSPCCM-20160501A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Some patients with severe asthma experience exacerbations despite receiving multiple therapy. The risk of exacerbation and heterogeneous response to treatment may be associated with specific inflammatory molecules that are responsive or resistant to corticosteroids. We aimed to identify the independent factors predictive for the future risk of exacerbation in patients with severe asthma. In this multi-center prospective observational study, 132 patients with severe asthma were enrolled and divided into exacerbation (n\u2009=\u200952) and non-exacerbation (n\u2009=\u200980) groups on the basis of exacerbation rate after a 1-year follow-up period. We found that previous history of severe-to-serious exacerbation, baseline blood eosinophil counts (\u2265\u2009291cells\/\u03bcL), and serum tryptase (\u2264\u20091448\u00a0pg\/mL) and thrymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels (\u2265\u200925\u00a0pg\/mL) independently predicted the future development of exacerbation with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of 3.27, 6.04, 2.53 and 8.67, respectively. Notably, the patients with high blood eosinophil counts and low tryptase levels were likely to have more exacerbations than those with low blood eosinophil counts and high tryptase levels (AOR 16.9). TSLP potentially played the pathogenic role across different asthma phenotypes. TSLP and tryptase levels may be implicated in steroid resistance and responsiveness in the asthma inflammatory process. High blood eosinophil counts and low serum tryptase levels predict a high probability of future asthma exacerbation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86179-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T06:10:06Z","timestamp":1618812606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Blood tryptase and thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels predict the risk of exacerbation in severe asthma"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hsin-Kuo","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Lung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Hsiung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Han","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang-Cheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Jen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Chien","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau-Chyun","family":"Sheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Chin","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diahn-Warng","family":"Perng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"86179_CR1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. https:\/\/www.ginasthma.org (2019)."},{"key":"86179_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"32","author":"LJ Akinbami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Akinbami, L. J., Moorman, J. E. & Liu, X. Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005\u20132009. Natl. Health Stat. Rep. 32, 1\u201314 (2011).","journal-title":"Natl. Health Stat. Rep."},{"key":"86179_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddel, H.K., et.al., American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society Task Force on Asthma Control and Exacerbations. An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: Asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 180, 59\u201399 (2009).","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-060ST"},{"key":"86179_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2013.11.013","volume":"2","author":"WJ Calhoun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calhoun, W. J. et al. Clinical burden and predictors of asthma exacerbations in patients on guideline-based steps 4\u20136 asthma therapy in the TENOR cohort. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2, 193\u2013200 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"86179_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.5694\/mja18.00125","volume":"209","author":"TR Tay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tay, T. R., Lee, J. W. & Hew, M. Diagnosis of severe asthma. Med. J. Aust. 209, S3\u2013S10 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"86179_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.007","volume":"2","author":"PP Hekking","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hekking, P. P. & Bel, E. H. Developing and emerging clinical asthma phenotypes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2, 671\u2013680 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"86179_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.037","volume":"127","author":"J L\u00f6tvall","year":"2011","unstructured":"L\u00f6tvall, J. et al. Asthma endotypes: A new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127, 355\u2013360 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201611-2232PP","volume":"197","author":"TF Carr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carr, T. F., Zeki, A. A. & Kraft, M. Eosinophilic and noneosinophilic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 197, 22\u201337 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"86179_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30879-6","volume":"391","author":"ID Pavord","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pavord, I. D. et al. After asthma: Redefining airways diseases. Lancet 391, 350\u2013400 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"86179_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0006-6","volume":"18","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barnes, P. J. Targeting cytokines to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 454\u2013466 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3049","volume":"16","author":"BN Lambrecht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lambrecht, B. N. & Hammad, H. The immunology of asthma. Nat. Immunol. 16, 45\u201356 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sher, E.R., et al. Steroid-resistant asthma. Cellular mechanisms contributing to inadequate response to glucocorticoid therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 33\u201339 (1994).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116963"},{"key":"86179_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00125404","volume":"27","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barnes, P. J. Corticosteroid effects on cell signaling. Eur Respir J. 27, 413\u2013426 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"86179_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5704","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000690","volume":"185","author":"Q Liang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liang, Q. et al. IL-2 and IL-4 stimulate MEK1 expression and contribute to T cell resistance against suppression by TGF-beta and IL-10 in asthma. J Immunol. 185, 5704\u20135713 (2010).","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, R.J., et. al.; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Asthma Clinical Research Center. The Predicting Response to Inhaled Corticosteroid Efficacy (PRICE) trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 73\u201380 (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.10.035"},{"key":"86179_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1852","volume":"11","author":"SF Ziegler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ziegler, S. F. & Artis, D. Sensing the outside world: TSLP regulates barrier immunity. Nat. Immunol. 11, 289\u2013293 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0168OC","volume":"43","author":"CK Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong, C. K., Hu, S., Cheung, P. F. & Lam, C. W. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces chemotactic and prosurvival effects in eosinophils: Implications in allergic inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 43, 305\u2013315 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"86179_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03151.x","volume":"39","author":"J Tanaka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tanaka, J. et al. Human TSLP and TLR3 ligands promote differentiation of Th17 cells with a central memory phenotype under Th2-polarizing conditions. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 39, 89\u2013100 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy."},{"key":"86179_CR19","first-page":"3743048","volume":"2017","author":"H Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao, H., Ying, S. & Dai, Y. Pathological roles of neutrophil-mediated inflammation in asthma and its potential for therapy as a target. J. Immunol. Res. 2017, 3743048 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"86179_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02301","volume":"3","author":"NS Redhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Redhu, N. S., Shan, L., Movassagh, H. & Gounni, A. S. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces migration in human airway smooth muscle cells. Sci. Rep. 3, 2301 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"86179_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1782","volume":"142","author":"D Kaur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaur, D. et al. Mast cell-airway smooth muscle crosstalk: The role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Chest 142, 76\u201385 (2012).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"86179_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/01902148.2018.1536175","volume":"44","author":"L Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao, L. et al. TSLP promotes asthmatic airway remodeling via p38-STAT3 signaling pathway in human lung fibroblast. Exp. Lung Res. 44, 288\u2013301 (2018).","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"86179_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.2926","volume":"31","author":"J Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, J. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes asthmatic airway remodelling in human lung fibroblast cells through STAT3 signalling pathway. Cell Biochem. Funct. 31, 496\u2013503 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"86179_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3675","volume":"4","author":"H Kabata","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kabata, H. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces corticosteroid resistance in natural helper cells during airway inflammation. Nat. Commun. 4, 2675 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"86179_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900685","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00685-2019","volume":"54","author":"G Pejler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pejler, G. The emerging role of mast cell proteases in asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 54, 1900685 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"86179_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000452624","volume":"171","author":"S Gao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gao, S., Fan, J. & Wang, Z. Diagnostic value of serum baseline tryptase levels in childhood asthma and its correlation with disease severity. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 171, 194\u2013202 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12425","volume":"20","author":"CH Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin, C. H. et al. Budesonide\/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy in asthma control: Acute, dose-related effects and real-life effectiveness. Respirology 20, 264\u2013272 (2015).","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"86179_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411776","volume":"372","author":"N Krug","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krug, N. et al. Allergen-induced asthmatic responses modified by a GATA3-specific DNAzyme. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 1987\u20131995 (2015).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"86179_CR29","unstructured":"Denlinger, L.C., et. al.; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\u2019s Severe Asthma Research Program-3 Investigators. Inflammatory and comorbid features of patients with severe asthma and frequent exacerbations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 195, 302\u2013313 (2017)."},{"key":"86179_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00367-7","volume":"3","author":"DB Price","year":"2015","unstructured":"Price, D. B. et al. Blood eosinophil count and prospective annual asthma disease burden: A UK cohort study. Lancet Respir. Med. 3, 849\u2013858 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"86179_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11679-5","volume":"360","author":"RH Green","year":"2002","unstructured":"Green, R. H. et al. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360, 1715\u20131721 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"86179_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00202013","volume":"43","author":"KF Chung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chung, K. F. et al. International ERS\/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 43, 343\u2013373 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"86179_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","volume":"26","author":"R Pellegrino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pellegrino, R. et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur. Respir. J. 26, 948\u2013968 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"86179_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0896OC","volume":"181","author":"WC Moore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moore, W. C. et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the severe asthma research program. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 181, 315\u2013323 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"86179_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00157-9","volume":"386","author":"KF Chung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung, K. F. Targeting the interleukin pathway in the treatment of asthma. Lancet 386, 1086\u20131096 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"86179_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30232-6","volume":"4","author":"KF Chung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chung, K. F. Neutrophilic asthma: A distinct target for treatment?. Lancet Respir. Med. 4, 765\u2013767 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"86179_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.08.031","volume":"145","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Investigation of the relationship between IL-6 and type 2 biomarkers in patients with severe asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 145, 430\u2013433 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205634","volume":"70","author":"AH Wagener","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wagener, A. H. et al. External validation of blood eosinophils, FE (NO) and serum periostin as surrogates for sputum eosinophils in asthma. Thorax 70, 115\u2013120 (2015).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"86179_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.267450","volume":"63","author":"S Vedel-Krogh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vedel-Krogh, S. et al. Association of blood eosinophil and blood neutrophil counts with asthma exacerbations in the Copenhagen General Population Study. Clin. Chem. 63, 823\u2013832 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"86179_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.017","volume":"125","author":"KD Stone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stone, K. D., Prussin, C. & Metcalfe, D. D. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125, S73-80 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balzar, S., et al. Mast cell phenotype, location, and activation in severe asthma. Data from the severe asthma research program. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 183, 299\u2013309 (2011).","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201002-0295OC"},{"key":"86179_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.03.003","volume":"125","author":"RH Dougherty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dougherty, R. H. et al. Accumulation of intraepithelial mast cells with a unique protease phenotype in T (H)2-high asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125, 1046\u20131053 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraft, M., et. al.; Asthma Clinical Research Network. Airway tissue mast cells in persistent asthma: predictor of treatment failure when patients discontinue inhaled corticosteroids. Chest. 124, 42\u201350 (2003).","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.42"},{"key":"86179_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01595","volume":"9","author":"G Varricchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Varricchi, G. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin isoforms, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. Front. Immunol. 9, 1595 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.09.022","volume":"122","author":"Y Nakamura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakamura, Y. et al. Cigarette smoke extract induces thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression, leading to T (H)2-type immune responses and airway inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122, 1208\u20131214 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-007-9149-0","volume":"28","author":"B Bleck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bleck, B. et al. Diesel exhaust particle-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells induce dendritic cell maturation and polarization via thymic stromal lymphopoietin. J. Clin. Immunol. 28, 147\u2013156 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.031","volume":"130","author":"HC Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, H. C. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is induced by respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells and promotes a type 2 response to infection. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 130, 1187\u20131196 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000329131","volume":"4","author":"J Calven","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calven, J. et al. Viral stimuli trigger exaggerated thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease epithelium: Role of endosomal TLR3 and cytosolic RIG-I-like helicases. J. Innate Immun. 4, 86\u201399 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"86179_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000106319","volume":"144","author":"Y Nagata","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nagata, Y. et al. Differential role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the induction of airway hyperreactivity and Th2 immune response in antigen-induced asthma with respect to natural killer T cell function. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 144, 305\u2013314 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim BS., et al. TSLP elicits IL-33-independent innate lymphoid cell responses to promote skin inflammation. Sci. Transl. Med. 5, 170ra16 (2013).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005374"},{"key":"86179_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West E.E., et al. A TSLP-complement axis mediates neutrophil killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci. Immunol. 1, eaaf8471 (2016).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaf8471"},{"key":"86179_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701455","volume":"200","author":"Y Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Elevated expression of IL-33 and TSLP in the airways of human asthmatics In vivo: A potential biomarker of severe refractory disease. J. Immunol. 200, 2253\u20132262 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2016.08.004","volume":"178","author":"A Berra\u00efes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berra\u00efes, A., Hamdi, B., Ammar, J., Hamzaoui, K. & Hamzaoui, A. Increased expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in induced sputum from asthmatic children. Immunol. Lett. 178, 85\u201391 (2016).","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"86179_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000444017","volume":"169","author":"J Gl\u00fcck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gl\u00fcck, J., Rymarczyk, B., Kasprzak, M. & Rogala, B. Increased levels of interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in exhaled breath condensate in chronic bronchial asthma. J. Int. Arech. Allergy Immunol. 169, 51\u201356 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Int. Arech. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2015.1026441","volume":"52","author":"A Chauhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chauhan, A., Singh, M., Agarwal, A. & Paul, N. Correlation of TSLP, IL-33, and CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + T regulatory (Treg) in pediatric asthma. J Asthma. 52, 868\u2013872 (2015).","journal-title":"J Asthma."},{"key":"86179_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.08.031","volume":"129","author":"A Shikotra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shikotra, A. et al. Increased expression of immunoreactive thymic stromal lymphopoietin in patients with severe asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129, 104\u2013111 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.032","volume":"141","author":"S Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Steroid resistance of airway type 2 innate lymphoid cells from patients with severe asthma: The role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 141, 257\u2013268 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704064","volume":"377","author":"J Corren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corren, J. et al. Tezepelumab in adults with uncontrolled asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 936\u2013946 (2017).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"86179_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.006","volume":"124","author":"T Haselkorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haselkorn, T. et al. Recent asthma exacerbations predict future exacerbations in children with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124, 921\u2013927 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"86179_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, M.K., Lee, J.H., Miller, D.P., & Wenzel, S.E.; TENOR Study Group. Recent asthma exacerbations: A key predictor of future exacerbations. Respir. Med. 101, 481\u2013489 (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.07.005"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-86179-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-86179-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-86179-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T01:55:18Z","timestamp":1670032518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-86179-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["86179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-86179-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-109575\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8425"}}