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Application of test-and-slaughter-based control polices reliant on tuberculin skin testing has been the mainstay of bTB control in cattle. However, little is known about the temporal development of the bovine tuberculin skin test response at the dermal sites of antigen injection. To fill this knowledge gap, we applied minimally-invasive\u00a0sampling microneedles\u00a0(SMNs) for intradermal sampling of interstitial fluid at the tuberculin skin\u00a0test sites in\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    BCG-vaccinated calves and determined the temporal dynamics of a panel of 15 cytokines and chemokines in situ and in the peripheral blood. The results reveal an orchestrated and coordinated cytokine and local chemokine response, identified IL-1RA as a potential soluble biomarker of a positive tuberculin skin response, and confirmed the utility of IFN-\u03b3 and IP-10 for bTB detection in blood-based assays. Together, the results highlight the utility of SMNs\u00a0to identify novel biomarkers and provide mechanistic insights on the intradermal cytokine and chemokine responses associated with the tuberculin skin test in BCG-sensitized cattle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86398-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T06:03:03Z","timestamp":1616997783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Temporal dynamics of intradermal cytokine response to tuberculin in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated cattle using sampling microneedles"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasan","family":"Jalili-Firoozinezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreenidhi","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariane B.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timm","family":"Konold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Coad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula T.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrell J.","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Vordermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Kapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"86398_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021815-111311","volume":"4","author":"HM Vordermeier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vordermeier, H. M., Jones, G. J., Buddle, B. M., Hewinson, R. G. & Villarreal-Ramos, B. Bovine tuberculosis in cattle: vaccines, DIVA tests, and host biomarker discovery. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 4, 87\u2013109 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"86398_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.02.018","volume":"30","author":"WR Waters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waters, W. R., Palmer, M. V., Buddle, B. M. & Vordermeier, H. M. Bovine tuberculosis vaccine research: Historical perspectives and recent advances. Vaccine 30, 2611\u20132622 (2012).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"86398_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). 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