{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:38:40Z","timestamp":1787225920379,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P011284\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P011284\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["088862\/Z\/09\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["088862\/Z\/09\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204457\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204457\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infection with\u00a0<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\u00a0is the leading cause of death in children and burden of disease is greatest where helminth infections are also common. We investigated the impact of intestinal helminth co-infection on pneumococcal carriage; a risk factor for invasive disease. We used a mouse co-infection model and clinical data to assess the impact of co-infection on carriage density.\u00a0Co-infection in mice was associated with increased pneumococcal carriage density and dissemination into lungs. Helminth-infected children also exhibited increased carriage density as compared to uninfected children. Anthelmintic treatment may be a cost-effective method of reducing pneumococcal disease burden in lower-income countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86508-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1616756617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intestinal helminth co-infection is an unrecognised risk factor for increased pneumococcal carriage density and invasive disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alice E.","family":"Law","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Shears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea A.","family":"Lopez Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aras","family":"Kadioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"86508_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2736","volume":"14","author":"P Salgame","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salgame, P., Yap, G. S. & Gause, W. C. Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens. Nat. Immunol. 14(11), 1118\u20131126 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"86508_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.06.005","volume":"63","author":"EC Griffiths","year":"2011","unstructured":"Griffiths, E. C., Pedersen, A. B., Fenton, A. & Petchey, O. L. The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans. J. Infect. 63(3), 200\u2013206 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"11","key":"86508_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70771-6","volume":"14","author":"LJ Wammes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wammes, L. J., Mpairwe, H., Elliott, A. M. & Yazdanbakhsh, M. Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations. Lancet Infect. Dis. 14(11), 1150\u20131162 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"86508_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12188","volume":"260","author":"RK Grencis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grencis, R. K., Humphreys, N. E. & Bancroft, A. J. Immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes: mechanisms and myths. Immunol. Rev. 260(1), 183\u2013205 (2014).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"86508_CR5","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect. Dis. 18(11), 1191\u2013210 (2018)."},{"issue":"9693","key":"86508_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61204-6","volume":"374","author":"KL O'Brien","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, K. L. et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 374(9693), 893\u2013902 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"86508_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00938-7","volume":"4","author":"D Bogaert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bogaert, D., de Groot, R. & Hermans, P. W. M. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect. Dis. 4(3), 144\u2013154 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"86508_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pullan, R. L., Smith, J. L., Jasrasaria, R., & Brooker, S. J. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit. Vectors 7(37) (2014).","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37"},{"issue":"5","key":"86508_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu128","volume":"44","author":"PJ Cooper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cooper, P. J. et al. Cohort profile: The Ecuador Life (ECUAVIDA) study in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Int. J. Epidemiol. 44(5), 1517\u20131527 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"86508_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318217dc6e","volume":"30","author":"P Jacoby","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacoby, P. et al. Crowding and other strong predictors of upper respiratory tract carriage of otitis media-related bacteria in Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 30(6), 480\u2013485 (2011).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"86508_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.12.004","volume":"215","author":"L Richards","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richards, L., Ferreira, D. M., Miyaji, E. N., Andrew, P. W. & Kadioglu, A. The immunising effect of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonisation; protection against future colonisation and fatal invasive disease. Immunobiology 215(4), 251\u2013263 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"86508_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.04.062","volume":"139","author":"JF Jusot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jusot, J. F. et al. Airborne dust and high temperatures are risk factors for invasive bacterial disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 139(3), 977\u2013986 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"86508_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.039","volume":"145","author":"RK Shears","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shears, R. K. et al. Exposure to diesel exhaust particles increases susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 145(4), 1272\u20131284 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"86508_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201401-0128OC","volume":"189","author":"DR Neill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neill, D. R. et al. Density and duration of pneumococcal carriage is maintained by transforming growth factor beta 1 and t regulatory cells. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 189(10), 1250\u20131259 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"86508_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alpkvist, H. et al. Clinical and microbiological factors associated with high nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. PLoS ONE. 10(10) (2015).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140112"},{"issue":"5","key":"86508_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir859","volume":"54","author":"WC Albrich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Albrich, W. C. et al. Use of a rapid test of pneumococcal colonization density to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54(5), 601\u2013609 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"86508_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O1145","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12752","volume":"20","author":"JF Gritzfeld","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gritzfeld, J. F. et al. Density and duration of experimental human pneumococcal carriage. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20(12), O1145\u2013O1151 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"86508_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deslyper, G., Holland, C. V., Colgan, T. J., & Carolan, J. C. The liver proteome in a mouse model for Ascaris suum resistance and susceptibility: Evidence for an altered innate immune response. Parasit. Vectors 12(1) (2019).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3655-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"86508_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22783-y","volume":"8","author":"RK Shears","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shears, R. K., Bancroft, A. J., Sharpe, C., Grencis, R. K. & Thornton, D. J. Vaccination against whipworm: Identifcation of potential immunogenic proteins in Trichuris muris excretory\/secretory material. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 4508 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"86508_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000072395","volume":"57","author":"WD Acquired","year":"1967","unstructured":"Acquired, W. D. Acquired immunity to Trichuris muris in albino laboratory mouse. Parasitology 57, 515\u2013524 (1967).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"8","key":"86508_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02498-06","volume":"45","author":"M Carvalho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carvalho, M. et al. Evaluation and improvement of real-time PCR assays targeting lytA, ply, and psaA genes for detection of pneumococcal DNA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45(8), 2460\u20132466 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"86508_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002718","volume":"8","author":"SK Menzies","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menzies, S. K. et al. Risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infections during the first 3 years of life in the tropics; findings from a birth cohort. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8(2), e2718 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-86508-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-86508-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-86508-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T05:55:43Z","timestamp":1670046943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-86508-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["86508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-86508-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6984"}}