{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:01:15Z","timestamp":1789704075504,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0900654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0900654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NF-SI-0617-10120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NF-SI-0617-10120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are associated with severe and stable antisocial behaviour in childhood and adolescence. In order to understand the earliest origins of CU traits we need first to know whether measurement is reliable and valid in young children. This study evaluated the psychometric properties and validity of a CU traits measure generated from existing child problem behaviour scales at age 2.5\u00a0years. The participants were members of an epidemiological longitudinal study starting in pregnancy. Items from the Antisocial Process Screening Device and other problem behaviour scales were subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modelling was used to test whether age 2.5 CU traits showed incremental validity in predicting aggression at age 5. The CU measure showed acceptable psychometric properties, factorial invariance by sex and good stability. Incremental prediction to later aggression was evident in girls, whereas boys showed strong continuity in aggression not found for girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87416-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T10:05:57Z","timestamp":1618308357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A psychometric and validity study of callous-unemotional traits in 2.5\u00a0year old children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"87416_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000333","volume":"20","author":"CL Odgers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Odgers, C. L. et al. Female and male antisocial trajectories: From childhood origins to adult outcomes. Dev. Psychopathol. 20, 673\u2013716 (2008).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"87416_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00007","volume":"43","author":"J Hill","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hill, J. Biological, psychological and social processes in the conduct disorders. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. 43, 133\u2013164 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiat."},{"key":"87416_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905401203","volume":"54","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frick, P. J. Extending the construct of psychopathy to youth: Implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents. Can. J. Psychiatry 54, 803\u2013812 (2009).","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"87416_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","volume":"140","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C. & Kahn, R. E. Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychol. Bull. 140, 1\u201357 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"87416_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854804270629","volume":"32","author":"IP Kruh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kruh, I. P., Frick, P. J. & Clements, C. B. Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults. Crim. Justice Behav. 32, 69\u201396 (2005).","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"87416_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00648.x","volume":"11","author":"E Viding","year":"2008","unstructured":"Viding, E., Jones, A. P., Frick, P. J., Moffitt, T. E. & Plomin, R. Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: Do callous-unemotional traits matter?. Dev. Sci. 11, 17\u201322 (2008).","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"87416_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00418","volume":"73","author":"GK Kochanska","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kochanska, G. K., Gross, J. N., Lin, M. H. & Nichols, K. E. Guilt in young children: Development, determinants, and relations with a broader system of standards. Child Dev. 73, 461\u2013482 (2002).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"87416_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014322","volume":"45","author":"A Vaish","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vaish, A., Carpenter, M. & Tomasello, M. Sympathy through affective perspective taking and its relation to prosocial behavior in toddlers. Dev. Psychol. 45, 534\u2013543 (2009).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"87416_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E43","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.e43","volume":"114","author":"RE Tremblay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tremblay, R. E. et al. Physical aggression during early childhood: Trajectories and predictors. Pediatrics 114, E43\u2013E50 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"87416_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409990319","volume":"22","author":"SB Campbell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campbell, S. B. et al. Predictors and sequelae of trajectories of physical aggression in school-age boys and girls. Dev. Psychopathol. 22, 133\u2013150 (2010).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"87416_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S347","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2018.1479966","volume":"48","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kimonis, E. R. et al. Parent-child interaction therapy adapted for preschoolers with callous-unemotional traits: An open trial pilot study. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. 48, S347\u2013S361 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc."},{"key":"87416_CR12","volume-title":"The Antisocial Process Screening DEVICE (APSD)","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frick, P. J. & Hare, R. D. The Antisocial Process Screening DEVICE (APSD) (Multi-Health Systems, 2001)."},{"key":"87416_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick, P. J. Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Unpublished rating scale (2004).","DOI":"10.1037\/t62639-000"},{"key":"87416_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.400","volume":"73","author":"MR Dadds","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dadds, M. R., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A. & Fraser, J. Disentangling the underlying dimensions of psychopathy and conduct problems in childhood: A community study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 73, 400\u2013410 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"87416_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-006-9047-8","volume":"15","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kimonis, E. R. et al. Callous-unemotional features, behavioral inhibition, and parenting: Independent predictors of aggression in a high-risk preschool sample. J. Child Fam. Stud. 15(6), 741\u2013752 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"issue":"4","key":"87416_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0075-y","volume":"44","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kimonis, E. R. et al. Can callous-unemotional traits be reliably measured in preschoolers?. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 44(4), 625\u2013638 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"87416_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.734221","volume":"42","author":"L Ezpeleta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ezpeleta, L., Osa, N. D. L., Granero, R., Penelo, E. & Dom\u00e8nech, J. M. Inventory of callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of preschoolers. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 42, 91\u2013105 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"87416_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034718","volume":"26","author":"SW Hawes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hawes, S. W. et al. Refining the parent-reported inventory of callous-unemotional traits in boys with conduct problems. Psychol. Assess. 26, 256 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"87416_CR19","unstructured":"Obando, D., Wright, N., & Hill, J. Positive and negative parenting, callous-unemotional traits and oppositional defiant disorder behaviours in preschool Colombian children. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"87416_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9385-y","volume":"36","author":"OF Colins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colins, O. F. et al. A new measure to assess psychopathic personality in children: The Child Problematic Traits Inventory. J. Psychopathol. Behav. 36, 4\u201321 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav."},{"key":"87416_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-019-09735-0","volume":"41","author":"L L\u00f3pez-Romero","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Romero, L., Maneiro, L., Colins, O. F., Andershed, H. & Romero, E. Psychopathic traits in early childhood: Further multi-informant validation of the Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI). J. Psychopathol. Behav 41, 366\u2013374 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav"},{"key":"87416_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-010-9195-4","volume":"33","author":"MT Willoughby","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willoughby, M. T., Waschbusch, D. A., Moore, G. A. & Propper, C. B. Using the ASEBA to screen for callous unemotional traits in early childhood: Factor structure, temporal stability, and utility. J. Psychopathol. Behav. 33, 19\u201330 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav."},{"key":"87416_CR23","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms & Profiles","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"2000","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M. & Rescorla, L. A. Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms & Profiles (University of Vermont, 2000)."},{"key":"87416_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12326","volume":"56","author":"R Waller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waller, R., Hyde, L. W., Grabell, A. S., Alves, M. L. & Olson, S. L. Differential associations of early callous-unemotional, oppositional, and ADHD behaviors: Multiple domains within early-starting conduct problems?. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 56, 657\u2013666 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"87416_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9379-9","volume":"36","author":"MT Willoughby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Willoughby, M. T., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Gottfredson, N. C. & Wagner, N. J. Measuring callous unemotional behaviors in early childhood: Factor structure and the prediction of stable aggression in middle childhood. J. Psychopathol. Behav. 36, 30\u201342 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav."},{"key":"87416_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12221","volume":"85","author":"R Waller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waller, R. et al. Toward an understanding of the role of the environment in the development of early callous behavior. J. Pers. 85, 90\u2013103 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"87416_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412001101","volume":"25","author":"LW Hyde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyde, L. W. et al. Dimensions of callousness in early childhood: Links to problem behavior and family intervention effectiveness. Dev. Psychopathol. 25, 347 (2013).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"87416_CR28","first-page":"113","volume":"7","author":"SM Eyberg","year":"1978","unstructured":"Eyberg, S. M. & Ross, A. W. Assessment of child behavior problems: The validation of a new inventory. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. 7, 113\u2013116 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc."},{"key":"87416_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.09.022","volume":"78","author":"R Bedford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bedford, R., Pickles, A., Sharp, H., Wright, N. & Hill, J. Reduced face preference in infancy: A developmental precursor to callous-unemotional traits?. Biol. Psychiatry 78, 144\u2013150 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"87416_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-0967-1","volume":"26","author":"R Bedford","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bedford, R. et al. The role of infants\u2019 mother-directed gaze, maternal sensitivity, and emotion recognition in childhood callous unemotional behaviours. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 26, 947\u2013956 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"87416_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15111381","volume":"173","author":"LW Hyde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hyde, L. W. et al. Heritable and nonheritable pathways to early callous-unemotional behaviors. Am. J. Psychiatry 173, 903\u2013910 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"87416_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.181503","volume":"209","author":"R Waller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waller, R. et al. Heritable temperament pathways to early callous-unemotional behaviour. Br. J. Psychiatry 209, 475\u2013482 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"87416_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","volume":"78","author":"JM Cortina","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cortina, J. M. What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. J. Appl. Psychol. 78, 98\u2013104 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"87416_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033951","volume":"3","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fanti, K. A. & Kimonis, E. R. Dimensions of juvenile psychopathy distinguish \u201cbullies,\u201d \u201cbully-victims,\u201d and \u201cvictims\u201d. Psychol. Violence 3, 396\u2013409 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychol. Violence"},{"key":"87416_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.662","volume":"23","author":"MA Marsee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marsee, M. A., Silverthorn, P. & Frick, P. J. The association of psychopathic traits with aggression and delinquency in non-referred boys and girls. Behav. Sci. Law 23, 803\u2013817 (2005).","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Law"},{"key":"87416_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x","volume":"79","author":"NA Card","year":"2008","unstructured":"Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M. & Little, T. D. Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Dev. 79, 1185\u20131229 (2008).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"87416_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.1.13","volume":"43","author":"RH Baillargeon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baillargeon, R. H. et al. Gender differences in physical aggression: A prospective population-based survey of children before and after 2 years of age. Dev. Psychol. 43, 13\u201326 (2007).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"87416_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191106287354","volume":"13","author":"CA Essau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S. & Frick, P. J. Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment 13, 454\u2013469 (2006).","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"87416_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010917304587","volume":"23","author":"P Silverthorn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Silverthorn, P., Frick, P. J. & Reynolds, R. Timing of onset and correlates of severe conduct problems in adjudicated girls and boys. J. Psychopathol. Behav. 23, 171\u2013181 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav."},{"key":"87416_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031153","volume":"25","author":"LC Thornton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thornton, L. C., Frick, P. J., Crapanzano, A. M. & Terranova, A. M. The incremental utility of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in predicting aggression and bullying in a community sample of boys and girls. Psychol. Assess. 25, 366\u2013378 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"10","key":"87416_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45446","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045446","volume":"7","author":"H Sharp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharp, H. et al. Frequency of infant stroking reported by mothers moderates the effect of prenatal depression on infant behavioural and physiological outcomes. PLoS ONE 7(10), e45446 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"87416_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.1.47","volume":"9","author":"T Moffitt","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moffitt, T. et al. Do partners agree about abuse in their relationship? A psychometric evaluation of interpartner agreement. Psychol. Assess. 9(1), 47\u201356 (1997).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"87416_CR43","unstructured":"Noble, M., et al. The English Indices of Deprivation 2004 (Revised) (2004)."},{"key":"87416_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsh017","volume":"29","author":"MJ Briggs-Gowan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., Irwin, J. R., Wachtel, K. & Cicchetti, D. V. The Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment: Screening for social\u2013emotional problems and delays in competence. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 29, 143\u2013155 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"87416_CR45","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K. & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. Mplus User\u2019s Guide 7th edn. (Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n, 2012).","edition":"7"},{"key":"87416_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung, G. W. & Rensvold, R. B. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struc. Equ. Model. 9, 233\u2013255 (2002).","journal-title":"Struc. Equ. Model."},{"key":"87416_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM1001_4","volume":"10","author":"JW Graham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Graham, J. W. Adding missing-data-relevant variables to FIML-based structural equation models. Struc. Equ. Model. 10, 80\u2013100 (2003).","journal-title":"Struc. Equ. Model."},{"key":"87416_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","volume":"11","author":"HW Marsh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T. & Wen, Z. In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indices and dangers to overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler\u2019s (1999) findings. Struct. Equ. Model. 11, 320\u2013341 (2004).","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"87416_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20164","volume":"33","author":"K Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee, K., Baillargeon, R. H., Vermunt, J. K., Wu, H. & Tremblay, R. E. Age differences in the prevalence of physical aggression among 5\u201311-year-old canadian boys and girls. Aggress. Behav. 33, 26\u201337 (2007).","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"87416_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00912.x","volume":"77","author":"LRA Alink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alink, L. R. A. et al. The early childhood aggression curve: Development of physical aggression in 10-to 50-month-old children. Child Dev. 77, 954\u2013966 (2006).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"87416_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.2307\/1131030","volume":"60","author":"EM Cummings","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cummings, E. M., Iannotti, R. J. & Zahn-waxler, C. Aggression between peers in early-childhood\u2014Individual continuity and developmental-change. Child Dev. 60, 887\u2013895 (1989).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"87416_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940300035X","volume":"15","author":"NR Crick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crick, N. R. & Zahn-Waxler, C. The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Dev. Psychopathol. 15(3), 719\u2013742 (2003).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"87416_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0184-2","volume":"45","author":"R Waller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waller, R., Hyde, L. W., Baskin-Sommers, A. R. & Olson, S. L. Interactions between callous unemotional behaviors and executive function in early childhood predict later aggression and lower peer-liking in late-childhood. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 45, 597\u2013609 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"87416_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0406-9","volume":"9","author":"N Wright","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wright, N., Hill, J., Pickles, A. & Sharp, H. Callous-unemotional traits, low cortisol reactivity and physical aggression in children: Findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study. Transl. Psychiatry 9, 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"87416_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02574.x","volume":"54","author":"SH Rhee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rhee, S. H. et al. Early concern and disregard for others as predictors of antisocial behavior. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 54, 157\u2013166 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-87416-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-87416-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-87416-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T06:27:11Z","timestamp":1675146431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-87416-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["87416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-87416-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8065"}}