{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:05:18Z","timestamp":1783343118979,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This population-based retrospective cohort study investigated the prevalence of myopia among patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and evaluate risk factors for myopia in these groups. Records from 2000 to 2012 with at least one year of follow-up from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were included. This study included 35,538 patients with DM and 71,076 patients without DM. Patients with DM had a significantly higher adjusted hazard ratio for myopia in all age groups and both sexes compared with patients without DM. The subgroup analysis results revealed that the rates of myopia and astigmatism were significantly higher among patients with DM compared with patients without DM aged\u2009&lt;\u200960\u00a0years. However, the rates of high myopia or myopia progression to high myopia did not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings indicate that DM is a critical risk factor for myopia and astigmatism among patients aged\u2009&lt;\u200960\u00a0years. Therefore, active surveillance and earlier treatment of myopia are critical for patients with DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87499-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T10:05:44Z","timestamp":1618394744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for myopia in Taiwanese diabetes mellitus patients: a multicenter case\u2013control study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hsin-Ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai-Mei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ann","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Chun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Hsiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiann-Torng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Min","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-Jong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Quan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Cheng","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuh-Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"87499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4032","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0332","volume":"46","author":"SY Wu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wu, S. Y. et al. Nine-year refractive changes in the Barbados Eye Studies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 4032\u20134039 (2005).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"87499_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1153","volume":"47","author":"K Tarczy-Hornoch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tarczy-Hornoch, K., Ying-Lai, M. & Varma, R. Myopic refractive error in adult Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 1845\u20131852 (2006).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"87499_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.01104.x","volume":"86","author":"N Jacobsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jacobsen, N., Jensen, H., Lund-Andersen, H. & Goldschmidt, E. Is poor glycaemic control in diabetic patients a risk factor of myopia?. Acta Ophthalmol. 86, 510\u2013514 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0221","volume":"45","author":"P Raju","year":"2004","unstructured":"Raju, P. et al. Prevalence of refractive errors in a rural South Indian population. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 4268\u20134272 (2004).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"87499_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.9.4.167","volume":"9","author":"WS Duke-Elder","year":"1925","unstructured":"Duke-Elder, W. S. Changes in refraction in diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 9, 167\u2013187 (1925).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR6","first-page":"14","volume":"6","author":"L Olansky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olansky, L. Advances in diabetes for the millennium: chronic microvascular complications of diabetes. MedGenMed 6, 14 (2004).","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"key":"87499_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1987.tb08491.x","volume":"65","author":"HC Fledelius","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fledelius, H. C. Refractive change in diabetes mellitus around onset or when poorly controlled. A clinical study. Acta Ophthalmol. 65, 53\u201357 (1987).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.10.1097","volume":"84","author":"F Okamoto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Okamoto, F., Sone, H., Nonoyama, T. & Hommura, S. Refractive changes in diabetic patients during intensive glycaemic control. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84, 1097\u20131102 (2000).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000151545.00489.12","volume":"24","author":"B Sonmez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sonmez, B. et al. Effect of glycemic control on refractive changes in diabetic patients with hyperglycemia. Cornea 24, 531\u2013537 (2005).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"87499_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.81.5.343","volume":"81","author":"N Logstrup","year":"1997","unstructured":"Logstrup, N., Sjolie, A. K., Kyvik, K. O. & Green, A. Long-term influence of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus on refraction and its components: a population based twin study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 81, 343\u2013349 (1997).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(96)80019-1","volume":"41","author":"MJ Willi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Willi, M. J. Hyperopia and hyperglycemia. Surv. Ophthalmol. 41, 187 (1996).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.8.500","volume":"66","author":"PR Eva","year":"1982","unstructured":"Eva, P. R., Pascoe, P. T. & Vaughan, D. G. Refractive change in hyperglycaemia: Hyperopia, not myopia. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 66, 500\u2013505 (1982).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR13","first-page":"1481","volume":"31","author":"A Yarbag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yarbag, A., Yazar, H., Akdogan, M., Pekgor, A. & Kaleli, S. Refractive errors in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 31, 1481\u20131484 (2015).","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"87499_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2018.1519582","volume":"33","author":"S Kastelan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kastelan, S. et al. Refractive changes associated with diabetes mellitus. Semin. Ophthalmol. 33, 838\u2013845 (2018).","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210601600501","volume":"16","author":"MC Tai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tai, M. C. et al. Sweet hyperopia: refractive changes in acute hyperglycemia. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 16, 663\u2013666 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR16","first-page":"200","volume":"133","author":"C Giusti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Giusti, C. Transient hyperopic refractive changes in newly diagnosed juvenile diabetes. Swiss Med. Wkly. 133, 200\u2013205 (2003).","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"87499_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden, B. A. et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 123, 1036\u20131042 (2016).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"87499_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.280","volume":"28","author":"PJ Foster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foster, P. J. & Jiang, Y. Epidemiology of myopia. Eye 28, 202\u2013208 (2014).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"87499_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90251-8","volume":"106","author":"K Attebo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Attebo, K., Ivers, R. Q. & Mitchell, P. Refractive errors in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 106, 1066\u20131072 (1999).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"87499_CR20","first-page":"4344","volume":"35","author":"Q Wang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Klein, B. E., Klein, R. & Moss, S. E. Refractive status in the beaver dam eye study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35, 4344\u20134347 (1994).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"87499_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.038","volume":"144","author":"SM Saw","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saw, S. M., Wong, T. Y., Ting, S., Foong, A. W. & Foster, P. J. The relationship between anterior chamber depth and the presence of diabetes in the Tanjong Pagar Survey. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 144, 325\u2013326 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701585736","volume":"15","author":"SJ Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, S. J. et al. Prevalence and associated factors of refractive errors among type 2 diabetics in Kinmen, Taiwan. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 15, 2\u20139 (2008).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"87499_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.10.025","volume":"117","author":"PK Rani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rani, P. K. et al. Prevalence of refractive errors and associated risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus SN-DREAMS, report 18. Ophthalmology 117, 1155\u20131162 (2010).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"87499_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-007-0012-9","volume":"45","author":"SJ Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, S. J. et al. Prevalence and associated factors of lens opacities among Chinese type 2 diabetics in Kinmen, Taiwan. Acta Diabetol. 45, 7\u201313 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"87499_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13883","volume":"318","author":"SH Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang, S. H. et al. Association between use of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants with and without concurrent medications and risk of major bleeding in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. JAMA 318, 1250\u20131259 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"87499_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.08.063","volume":"68","author":"YH Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan, Y. H. et al. Acute kidney injury in asians with atrial fibrillation treated with Dabigatran or Warfarin. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 68, 2272\u20132283 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"87499_CR27","first-page":"777","volume":"62","author":"BJ Curtin","year":"1958","unstructured":"Curtin, B. J. & Teng, C. C. Scleral changes in pathological myopia. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. 62, 777\u2013788 (1958) (Discussion 788\u2013790).","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"87499_CR28","first-page":"183","volume":"7","author":"ES Avetisov","year":"1983","unstructured":"Avetisov, E. S., Savitskaya, N. F., Vinetskaya, M. I. & Iomdina, E. N. A study of biochemical and biomechanical qualities of normal and myopic eye sclera in humans of different age groups. Metab. Pediatr. Syst. Ophthalmol. 7, 183\u2013188 (1983).","journal-title":"Metab. Pediatr. Syst. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-012-2066-9","volume":"251","author":"N Saka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saka, N. et al. Changes of axial length measured by IOL master during 2 years in eyes of adults with pathologic myopia. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 251, 495\u2013499 (2013).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71034-7","volume":"123","author":"SM Steidl","year":"1997","unstructured":"Steidl, S. M. & Pruett, R. C. Macular complications associated with posterior staphyloma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 123, 181\u2013187 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.03.010","volume":"146","author":"HW Hsiang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hsiang, H. W. et al. Clinical characteristics of posterior staphyloma in eyes with pathologic myopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 146, 102\u2013110 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.06.004","volume":"24","author":"I Morgan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morgan, I. & Rose, K. How genetic is school myopia?. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 24, 1\u201338 (2005).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"87499_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4321\/S0365-66912003000700008","volume":"78","author":"P Orts Vila","year":"2003","unstructured":"Orts Vila, P., Devesa Torregrosa, P. & Belmonte Martinez, J. Juvenile diabetic cataract. A rare finding which lead us to the diagnosis of this illness. Arch. Soc. Esp. Oftalmol. 78, 389\u2013391 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Soc. Esp. Oftalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1983.tb04344.x","volume":"61","author":"HC Fledelius","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fledelius, H. C. Is myopia getting more frequent? A cross-sectional study of 1416 Danes aged 16 years+. Acta Ophthalmol. 61, 545\u2013559 (1983).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1986.tb06868.x","volume":"64","author":"HC Fledelius","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fledelius, H. C. Myopia and diabetes mellitus with special reference to adult-onset myopia. Acta Ophthalmol. 64, 33\u201338 (1986).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.180323","volume":"95","author":"EC Woodman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woodman, E. C. et al. Axial elongation following prolonged near work in myopes and emmetropes. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 95, 652\u2013656 (2011).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"87499_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000166","volume":"91","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghosh, A., Collins, M. J., Read, S. A., Davis, B. A. & Chatterjee, P. Axial elongation associated with biomechanical factors during near work. Optom. Vis. Sci. 91, 322\u2013329 (2014).","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"87499_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000219","volume":"91","author":"Z Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin, Z. et al. Near work, outdoor activity, and their association with refractive error. Optom. Vis. Sci. 91, 376\u2013382 (2014).","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-87499-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-87499-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-87499-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T06:47:02Z","timestamp":1670050022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-87499-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["87499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-87499-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8195"}}