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However, its effectiveness has not yet been unequivocally shown. Thus, here we tested whether coupling tDCS with a bout of aerobic exercise (AE) is more effective in modulating cognitive functions than tDCS or AE alone. One hundred twenty-two healthy participants were assigned to five randomized controlled crossover experiments. Two multimodal target experiments (EXP-4: anodal vs. sham tDCS during AE; EXP-5: cathodal vs. sham tDCS during AE) investigated whether anodal (a-tDCS) or cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS) applied during AE over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left DLPFC) affects executive functioning (inhibition ability). In three unimodal control experiments, the participants were either stimulated (EXP-1: anodal vs. sham tDCS, EXP-2: cathodal vs. sham tDCS) or did AE (EXP-3: AE vs. active control). Participants performed an Eriksen flanker task during ergometer cycling at moderate intensity\u00a0(in EXP. 3-5). Only c-tDCS during AE had a significant adverse effect on the inhibition task, with decreased accuracy. This outcome provides preliminary evidence that c-tDCS during AE over the left DLPFC might effectively modulate inhibition performance compared to c-tDCS alone. However, more systematic research is needed in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87914-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T10:10:06Z","timestamp":1618827006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prefrontal high definition cathodal tDCS modulates executive functions only when coupled with moderate aerobic exercise in healthy persons"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nils Henrik","family":"Pixa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Doppelmayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"87914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.098","volume":"85","author":"A Fl\u00f6el","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fl\u00f6el, A. 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