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Temporal lobe epilepsy was induced by electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Rats were stimulated for 25\u00a0min with 100-ms trains of 1-ms biphasic square-wave pluses that were delivered every 0.5\u00a0s. Electroencephalographic recordings were performed to classify rats into groups with a short latency (&lt;\u200920\u00a0days,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097) and long latency (&gt;\u200920\u00a0days,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098) to the first spontaneous seizure and into groups with a low number of seizures (62\u2009\u00b1\u200964.5,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098) and high number of seizures (456\u2009\u00b1\u2009185,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097). To examine behavioral impairments, we applied the following behavioral tests during early and late stages of epilepsy: behavioral hyperexcitability, open field, novel object exploration, elevated plus maze, and Morris water maze. No differences in stress levels (e.g., touch response in the behavioral hyperexcitability test), activity (e.g., number of entries into the open arms of the elevated plus maze), or learning (e.g., latency to find the platform in the Morris water maze test during training days) were observed between animals with a short versus long latency to develop spontaneous seizures or between animals with a low versus high number of seizures. However, we found a higher motor activity measured by higher number of entries into the closed arms of the elevated plus maze at week 26 post-stimulation in animals with a high number of seizures compared with animals with a low number of seizures. The analysis of the Morris water maze data categorized the strategies that the animals used to locate the platform showing that the intensity of epilepsy and duration of epileptogenesis influenced swimming strategies. These findings indicate that behavioral impairments were relatively mild in the present model, but some learning strategies may be useful biomarkers in preclinical studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88088-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T06:44:41Z","timestamp":1618987481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Behavioral characteristics as potential biomarkers of the development and phenotype of epilepsy in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Karolina","family":"Nizinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Szydlowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avgoustinos","family":"Vouros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kiryk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stepniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Vasilaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lukasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"88088_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(06)68477-8","volume":"367","author":"JS Duncan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Duncan, J. 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