{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:06:31Z","timestamp":1791839191246,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Titanium alloys, due to their unique properties, are utilized in numerous modern high-end applications. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-conventional machining process, commonly used in machining of hard-to-cut materials. The current paper, presents an experimental study regarding the machining of Titanium Grade2 with EDM, coupled with the development of a simulation model. The machining performance indexes of Material Removal Rate, Tool Wear Ratio, and Average White Layer Thickness were measured and calculated for different pulse-on currents and pulse-on times. Moreover, the developed model that integrates a heat transfer analysis with deformed geometry, allows to estimate the power distribution between the electrode and the workpiece, as well as the Plasma Flushing Efficiency, giving an insight view of the process. Finally, by employing the Response Surface Methodology, educed regression models that correlate the machining parameters with the corresponding results, while for all the aforementioned indexes, ANOVA was performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88534-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T10:07:24Z","timestamp":1619431644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A study on Electrical Discharge Machining of Titanium Grade2 with experimental and theoretical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Emmanouil L.","family":"Papazoglou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Karmiris-Obrata\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Leszczy\u0144ska-Madej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelos P.","family":"Markopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"88534_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.09.060","volume":"202","author":"P Fonda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fonda, P., Wang, Z., Yamazaki, K. & Akutsu, Y. A fundamental study on Ti-6Al-4V\u2019s thermal and electrical properties and their relation to EDM productivity. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 202, 583\u2013589 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahan, M. P. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM): Types, Technologies and Applications. (Nova Science Publishers, 2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-096532-1.01107-9"},{"key":"88534_CR3","unstructured":"Jameson, E. C. Electrical discharge machining. (Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 2001)."},{"key":"88534_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Abbas, N., Solomon, D. G. & Fuad Bahari, M. A review on current research trends in electrical discharge machining (EDM). Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 47, 1214\u20131228 (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2006.08.026"},{"key":"88534_CR5","unstructured":"Qudeiri, J. E. A., Mourad, A. I., Ziout, A., Abidi, M. H. & Elkaseer, A. Electric discharge machining of titanium and its alloys\u202f: review. (2018)."},{"key":"88534_CR6","first-page":"493","volume":"70","author":"MR Shabgard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shabgard, M. R., Seyedzavvar, M., Oliaei, S. B. & Ivanov, A. A numerical method for predicting depth of heat affected zone in EDM process for AISI H13 tool steel. J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India) 70, 493\u2013499 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India)"},{"key":"88534_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2015.06.085","volume":"33","author":"B Shao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shao, B. & Rajurkar, K. P. Modelling of the crater formation in micro-EDM. Procedia CIRP 33, 376\u2013381 (2015).","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"88534_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2013.03.047","volume":"6","author":"YB Guo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guo, Y. B., Klink, A. & Klocke, F. Multiscale modeling of sinking-EDM with Gaussian heat flux via user subroutine. Procedia CIRP 6, 438\u2013443 (2013).","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"88534_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.07.072","volume":"26","author":"S Jithin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jithin, S., Raut, A., Bhandarkar, U. V. & Joshi, S. S. FE modeling for single spark in EDM considering plasma flushing efficiency. Procedia Manuf. 26, 617\u2013628 (2018).","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"88534_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiBitonto, D. D., Eubank, P. T., Patel, M. R. & Barrufet, M. A. Theoretical models of the electrical discharge machining process. I. A simple cathode erosion model. J. Appl. Phys. 66, 4095\u20134103 (1989).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.343994"},{"key":"88534_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assarzadeh, S. & Ghoreishi, M. Electro-thermal-based finite element simulation and experimental validation of material removal in static gap singlespark die-sinking electro-discharge machining process. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf. 231, 28\u201347 (2017).","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405415572661"},{"key":"88534_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.02.302","volume":"42","author":"J Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang, J. & Yang, X. A thermo-hydraulic modeling for the formation process of the discharge crater in EDM. Procedia CIRP 42, 685\u2013690 (2016).","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"88534_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar, A. M., De Lange, D. F., Medell\u00edn Castillo, H. I. & P\u00e9rez Guti\u00e9rrez, F. G. Influence of modeling assumptions on the simulated EDM performance. ASME Int. Mech. Eng. Congr. Expo. Proc. 8 C, V08CT09A079 (2013).","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2013-65432"},{"key":"88534_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2012.05.043","volume":"2","author":"E Weing\u00e4rtner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weing\u00e4rtner, E., Kuster, F. & Wegener, K. Modeling and simulation of electrical discharge machining. Procedia CIRP 2, 74\u201378 (2012).","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"88534_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.05.004","volume":"55","author":"H Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh, H. Experimental study of distribution of energy during EDM process for utilization in thermal models. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 55, 5053\u20135064 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"88534_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.12.435","volume":"97","author":"A Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Bagal, D. K. & Maity, K. P. Numerical modeling of Wire Electrical Discharge machining of super alloy inconel 718. Procedia Eng. 97, 1512\u20131523 (2014).","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"88534_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tlili, A., Ghanem, F. & Salah, N. Ben. A contribution in EDM simulation field. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 79, 921\u2013935 (2015).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-6880-1"},{"key":"88534_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2016.08.041","volume":"5","author":"JF Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, J. F. & Guo, Y. B. Thermal modeling of EDM with progression of massive random electrical discharges. Procedia Manuf. 5, 495\u2013507 (2016).","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"88534_CR19","unstructured":"Vishwakarma, U. K., Dvivedi, A. & Kumar, P. FEA modeling of material removal rate in electrical discharge machining of Al6063\/SiC composites. Int. Conf. Mech. Ind. Manuf. Eng. (ICMIME, 2012), Zurich, Switzerland, Jan. 15\u201317. 6, 586\u2013591 (2012)."},{"key":"88534_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salah, N. Ben, Ghanem, F. & Atig, K. Ben. Numerical study of thermal aspects of electric discharge machining process. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 46, 908\u2013911 (2006).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2005.04.022"},{"key":"88534_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1179\/175158308X383198","volume":"3","author":"CP Khatter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khatter, C. P. & Pandey, O. P. Analysis of energy distribution during electric discharge machining of tungsten carbide. Tribol. - Mater. Surfaces Interfaces 3, 2\u201315 (2009).","journal-title":"Tribol. - Mater. Surfaces Interfaces"},{"key":"88534_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2017.04.006","volume":"19","author":"K O\u00dfwald","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u00dfwald, K., Schneider, S., Hensgen, L., Klink, A. & Klocke, F. Experimental investigation of energy distribution in continuous sinking EDM. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 19, 36\u201343 (2017).","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2012.10.004","volume":"65","author":"M Shabgard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shabgard, M., Ahmadi, R., Seyedzavvar, M. & Oliaei, S. N. B. Mathematical and numerical modeling of the effect of input-parameters on the flushing efficiency of plasma channel in EDM process. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 65, 79\u201387 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"88534_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.12.021","volume":"68","author":"F Klocke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klocke, F. et al. A comparative study of polarity-related effects in single discharge EDM of titanium and iron alloys. Procedia CIRP 68, 52\u201357 (2018).","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"88534_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2010.02.001","volume":"12","author":"SN Joshi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joshi, S. N. & Pande, S. S. Thermo-physical modeling of die-sinking EDM process. J. Manuf. Process. 12, 45\u201356 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"88534_CR26","first-page":"89","volume":"36","author":"M Manjaiah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manjaiah, M., Narendranath, S. & Basavarajappa, S. A review on machining of titanium based alloys using EDM and WEDM. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 36, 89\u2013111 (2014).","journal-title":"Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"88534_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davim, P. J. Machining of Titanium Alloys. Machining of Titanium Alloys (Springer International Publishing, 2014). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-43902-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43902-9"},{"key":"88534_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2012.05.048","volume":"2","author":"F Klocke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klocke, F., Zeis, M., Klink, A. & Veselovac, D. Technological and economical comparison of roughing strategies via milling, EDM and ECM for titanium-and nickel-based blisks. Procedia CIRP 2, 98\u2013101 (2012).","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"88534_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(98)00340-9","volume":"87","author":"SL Chen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chen, S. L., Yan, B. H. & Huang, F. Y. Influence of kerosene and distilled water as dielectrics on the electric discharge machining characteristics of Ti\u20136A1\u20134V. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 87, 107\u2013111 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(00)00539-2","volume":"104","author":"YC Lin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lin, Y. C., Yan, B. H. & Chang, Y. S. Machining characteristics of titanium alloy (Ti\u20136Al\u20134V) using a combination process of EDM with USM. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 104, 171\u2013177 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(99)00458-6","volume":"101","author":"HM Chow","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chow, H. M., Yan, B. H., Huang, F. Y. & Hung, J. C. Study of added powder in kerosene for the micro-slit machining of titanium alloy using electro-discharge machining. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 101, 95\u2013103 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2007.05.031","volume":"253","author":"A Has\u00e7alik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Has\u00e7alik, A. & \u00c7ayda\u015f, U. Electrical discharge machining of titanium alloy (Ti\u20136Al\u20134V). Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 9007\u20139016 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"88534_CR33","first-page":"201","volume":"2","author":"KM Sivakumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sivakumar, K. M. & Gandhinathan, R. Establishing optimum process parameters for machining titanium alloys ( Ti6\u2013Al\u20134V ) in spark electric discharge machining. Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol. 2, 201\u2013204 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mspro.2014.07.534","volume":"5","author":"MS Mhatre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mhatre, M. S., Sapkal, S. U. & Pawade, R. S. Electro discharge machining characteristics of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloy: a grey relational optimization. Procedia Mater. Sci. 5, 2014\u20132022 (2014).","journal-title":"Procedia Mater. Sci."},{"key":"88534_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-013-5194-4","volume":"70","author":"Y Shen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shen, Y. et al. Determining the energy distribution during electric discharge machining of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 70, 11\u201317 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2011.577876","volume":"27","author":"I Sen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sen, I., Karthikeyan, G., Ramkumar, J. & Balasubramaniam, R. A study on machinability of B-modified Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloys by EDM. Mater. Manuf. Process. 27, 348\u2013354 (2012).","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"88534_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2018.04.069","volume":"67","author":"M Holsten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holsten, M., Koshy, P., Klink, A. & Schwedt, A. Anomalous influence of polarity in sink EDM of titanium alloys. CIRP Ann. 67, 221\u2013224 (2018).","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"88534_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.02.034","volume":"4","author":"V Verma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verma, V. & Sahu, R. Process parameter optimization of die-sinking EDM on Titanium grade -V alloy (Ti\u20136Al\u20134V) using full factorial design approach. Mater. Today Proc. 4, 1893\u20131899 (2017).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"88534_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.02.052","volume":"20","author":"R Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar, R. et al. Analysis of MRR and surface roughness in machining Ti\u20136Al\u20134V ELI titanium alloy using EDM process. Procedia Manuf. 20, 358\u2013364 (2018).","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"88534_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"00","author":"S Nair","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nair, S., Dutta, A., Narayanan, R. & Giridharan, A. Investigation on EDM machining of Ti6Al4V with negative polarity brass electrode. Mater. Manuf. Process. 00, 1\u20138 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"88534_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52855-6","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed, N. et al. The potentiality of sinking EDM for micro-impressions on Ti-6Al-4V: keeping the geometrical errors (axial and radial) and other machining measures (tool erosion and work roughness) at minimum. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52855-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"88534_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar Baroi, B., Kar, S. & Kumar Patowari, P. Electric discharge machining of titanium grade 2 alloy and its parametric study. Mater. Today Proc. 5, 5004\u20135011 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.12.078"},{"key":"88534_CR43","first-page":"507","volume":"21","author":"M Bhaumik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhaumik, M. & Maity, K. Effect of different tool materials during EDM performance of titanium grade 6 alloy. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 21, 507\u2013516 (2018).","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"88534_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baroi, B. K., Debnath, T., Jagadish & Patowari, P. K. Machinability assessment of titanium grade 2 alloy using deionized water in EDM. Mater. Today Proc. 26, 2221\u20132225 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.02.482"},{"key":"88534_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05224-x","volume":"107","author":"N Ahuja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahuja, N., Sharma, N., Hegab, H., Khanna, R. & Khan, A. M. Bioactivity measurement of commercially pure titanium processed by micro-electric discharge drilling. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 107, 2797\u20132805 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, N., Singh, G., Gupta, M., Hegab, H. & Mia, M. Investigations of surface integrity, bio-activity and performance characteristics during wire-electrical discharge machining of Ti-6Al-7Nb biomedical alloy. Mater. Res. Express 6, (2019).","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab3094"},{"key":"88534_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.5545\/sv-jme.2011.035","volume":"57","author":"M Shabgard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shabgard, M., Seyedzavvar, M. & Oliaei, S. N. B. Influence of input parameters on the characteristics of the EDM process. Stroj. Vestnik\/J. Mech. Eng. 57, 689\u2013696 (2011).","journal-title":"Stroj. Vestnik\/J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"88534_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2018.02.018","volume":"32","author":"T Roy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roy, T., Datta, D. & Balasubramaniam, R. Numerical modelling, simulation and fabrication of 3-D hemi-spherical convex micro features using Reverse Micro EDM. J. Manuf. Process. 32, 344\u2013356 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"88534_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03850-8","author":"EL Papazoglou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papazoglou, E. L., Markopoulos, A. P., Papaefthymiou, S. & Manolakos, D. E. Electrical discharge machining modeling by coupling thermal analysis with deformed geometry feature. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-019-03850-8 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR50","unstructured":"Holman, J. P. Heat Transfer 10th Ed. High Education - Department of Mechanical Engineering Southern Methodist University (2008)."},{"key":"88534_CR51","first-page":"83","volume":"7","author":"A Moarrefzadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moarrefzadeh, A. Study of workpiece thermal profile in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) process. WSEAS Trans. Appl. Theor. Mech. 7, 83\u201392 (2012).","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Appl. Theor. Mech."},{"key":"88534_CR52","unstructured":"Shabgard, M. R., Shotorbani, R. M. & Alenabi, S. H. Mathematical Analysis of Electrical Discharge Machining on FW4 Weld Metal Keywords\u202f: (2012)."},{"key":"88534_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mills, K. C. Recommended Values of Thermophysical Properties for Selected Commercial Alloys. Recommended Values of Thermophysical Properties for Selected Commercial Alloys (2002). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1533\/9781845690144.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845690144"},{"key":"88534_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49562-0","author":"DA Nield","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nield, D. A. & Bejan, A. Convection in porous media. Convection Porous Media https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-49562-0 (2017).","journal-title":"Convection Porous Media"},{"key":"88534_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierson, H. Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamond and Fullerenes. Noyes Publications (1994).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-8155-1339-1.50018-9"},{"key":"88534_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2013.12.012","volume":"214","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Investigation on the influence of the dielectrics on the material removal characteristics of EDM. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 214, 1052\u20131061 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR57","unstructured":"Montgomery, D. C. Design and Analysis of Experiments. (Wiley, 2013)."},{"key":"88534_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karkalos, N. E. & Markopoulos, A. P. Computational Methods for Application in Industry 4.0. (Springer, 2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92393-2"},{"key":"88534_CR59","first-page":"814","volume":"33","author":"MK Pradhan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pradhan, M. K. & Biswas, C. K. Modeling and analysis of process parameters on Surface Roughness in EDM of AISI D2 tool steel by RSM approach. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 33, 814\u2013819 (2009).","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR60","first-page":"576","volume":"71","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahman, M. M., Khan, M. A. R., Kadirgama, K., Noor, M. M. & Bakar, R. A. Modeling of material removal on machining of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V through EDM using copper tungsten electrode and positive polarity. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 71, 576\u2013581 (2010).","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"88534_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.463-464.1445","volume":"463\u2013464","author":"S Izman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Izman, S., Hodsiyeh, D. G., Hamed, T., Rosliza, R. & Rezazadeh, M. Effects of adding multiwalled carbon nanotube into dielectric when EDMing titanium alloy. Adv. Mater. Res. 463\u2013464, 1445\u20131449 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"88534_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2014.02.018","volume":"64","author":"TM Mower","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mower, T. M. Degradation of titanium 6Al\u20134V fatigue strength due to electrical discharge machining. Int. J. Fatigue 64, 84\u201396 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"88534_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMR.2015.071626","volume":"10","author":"I Santos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santos, I., Polli, M. L. & Daniel, H. Influence of input parameters on the electrical discharge machining of titanium alloy (TI-6AL-4V). Int. J. Manuf. Res. 10, 286 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Manuf. Res."},{"key":"88534_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2003.08.046","author":"HT Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee, H. T., Hsu, F. C. & Tai, T. Y. Study of surface integrity using the small area EDM process with a copper-tungsten electrode. Mater. Sci. Eng. A https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msea.2003.08.046 (2004).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"88534_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2018.01.013","volume":"120","author":"U Aich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aich, U. Investigation for the presence of chaos in surface topography generated by EDM. Tribol. Int. 120, 411\u2013433 (2018).","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"88534_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.03.082","volume":"75","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. A novel method of determining energy distribution and plasma diameter of EDM. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 75, 425\u2013432 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"88534_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2008.03.097","volume":"57","author":"A Kojima","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kojima, A., Natsu, W. & Kunieda, M. Spectroscopic measurement of arc plasma diameter in EDM. CIRP Ann. - Manuf. Technol. 57, 203\u2013207 (2008).","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. - Manuf. Technol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-88534-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-88534-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-88534-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T19:03:45Z","timestamp":1698951825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-88534-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["88534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-88534-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8971"}}