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Conversely, an exogenous, high-temperature source of brain MNPs has been newly identified, based on their variable sizes\/concentrations, rounded shapes\/surface crystallites, and co-association with non-physiological metals (e.g., platinum, cobalt). Here, we examined the concentration and regional distribution of brain magnetite\/maghemite, by magnetic remanence measurements of 147 samples of fresh\/frozen tissues, from Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and pathologically-unremarkable brains (80\u201398\u00a0years at death) from the Manchester Brain Bank (MBB), UK. The magnetite\/maghemite concentrations varied between individual cases, and different brain regions, with no significant difference between the AD and non-AD cases. Similarly, all the elderly MBB brains contain varying concentrations of non-physiological metals (e.g. lead, cerium), suggesting universal incursion of environmentally-sourced particles, likely across the geriatric blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB). Cerebellar Manchester samples contained significantly lower (~\u20099\u00d7) ferrimagnetic content compared with those from a young (29\u00a0years ave.), neurologically-damaged Mexico City cohort. Investigation of younger, variably-exposed cohorts, prior to loss of BBB integrity, seems essential to understand early brain impacts of exposure to exogenous magnetite\/maghemite and other metal-rich pollution particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88725-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:04:45Z","timestamp":1619777085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Variation in the concentration and regional distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in human brains, with and without Alzheimer\u2019s disease, from the UK"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Hammond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imad A. 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