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In order to analyze the characteristics of micro-pilot dual-fuel combustion, a metal engine and an optical single cylinder dual-fuel engine were used. The fuel mixture ratio was varied for experimental purposes; the diesel was directly injected into combustion chamber and the methane gas was supplied via intake port. The present study reports that increasing the methane mixture ratio from 0 to 97.67% changes the diesel combustion to pre-mixed combustion. As a result, the peak cylinder pressure was increased from 184 to 198\u00a0bar, and the rate of heat release was greatly advanced. In the MPDF condition, the nitrogen oxides emissions were reduced by about 90%p, and the fuel conversion efficiency increased about 5%p because of the low combustion temperature of pre-mixed combustion. However, for the same reason, the hydrocarbon emissions were increased about 95%p. The fastest combustion speed was found form the results of methane mixture ratio between 40 and 80%. In the condition of diesel combustion and micro-pilot dual-fuel combustion, the combustion periods of middle and initial were increased, respectively, resulting in the low combustion speed. The standard deviation of peak cylinder pressure, which represents the combustion variation, was correlated with initial combustion period. While the condition of methane gas mixture ratio between 40 and 80% shows the lowest combustion variation, the highest combustion variation was occurred by MPDF condition. Through the optical engine experiment, it can be found that the cycle to cycle combustion variation is ascribed to the turbulent flow and the variation of ignition position. The combustion images show that the unpredictable characteristics of the ignition position and slow flame propagation speed caused the combustion variation in micro-pilot dual-fuel combustion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89161-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T10:04:00Z","timestamp":1620381840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of methane ratio on MPDF (micro-pilot dual-fuel) combustion characteristic in a heavy-duty single cylinder engine"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Minhoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khawar","family":"Mohiuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungwook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"89161_CR1","unstructured":"Cheng, X. et al. 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