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Studies have reported that the therapeutic effect of tES is determined by the effective stimulation of retinal cells that are densely distributed in the posterior part of the retina. However, in conventional tES with a pair of electrodes, a greater portion of the electric field is delivered to the anterior part of the retina. In this study, to address this issue, a new electrode montage with multiple electrodes was proposed for the effective delivery of electric fields to the posterior retina. Electric field analysis based on the finite element method was performed with a realistic human head model, and optimal injection currents were determined using constrained convex optimization. The resultant electric field distributions showed that the proposed multi-channel tES enables a more effective stimulation of the posterior retina than the conventional tES with a pair of electrodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89243-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T10:04:00Z","timestamp":1620381840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Multi-channel transorbital electrical stimulation for effective stimulation of posterior retina"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sangjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinuk","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hwan","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"89243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.07.017","volume":"186","author":"A Sehic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sehic, A. et al. 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