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The course of pregnancy is regulated by immunological processes and HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) impact key immune mechanisms, which may disrupt the immune programme of pregnancy. We evaluated a broad range of systemic cytokines at each trimester of pregnancy in 56 women living with HIV (WLHIV) and 68 HIV-negative women, who were enrolled in a prospective pregnancy cohort study in Soweto, South Africa. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IP-10 was detected in each trimester in all WLHIV, which was significantly more than in HIV-negative women. The anti-viral cytokine IFN\u03bb1 was detected more frequently in WLHIV, whereas IFN\u03b2 and IFN\u03bb2\/3 were detected more frequently in HIV-negative women. Th1 cytokines IL-12 and IL-12p70, Th2 cytokine IL-5, and Th17 cytokine IL-17A were detected more frequently in WLHIV throughout pregnancy. Il-6, IL-9, and IL-10 were more commonly detected in WLHIV in the first trimester. Trends of increased detection of Th1 (IL-2, IL-12p70), Th2 (IL-4, Il-5, Il-13) and Th17 (IL-17A, Il-17F, IL-21, IL-22) cytokines were associated with small-for-gestational-age babies. Our findings indicate that maternal HIV\/ART is associated with distinct systemic cytokine profiles throughout pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89551-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T10:03:45Z","timestamp":1620813825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Maternal HIV infection is associated with distinct systemic cytokine profiles throughout pregnancy in South African women"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Charlene","family":"Akoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane A.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris","family":"Hemelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"89551_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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