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Seventy specific pathogen-free Kunming mice were randomly divided into the following groups: normal control, 1, 3, 7, 15, 21, and 30\u00a0days after pTBI. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed to examine and monitor brain tissue morphology, and the distribution and expression of lymphatic-specific markers lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor-1 (LYVE-1), hematopoietic precursor cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) antigen, and Prospero-related homeobox-1 (PROX1) protein. H&amp;E staining revealed that damaged and necrotic tissues observed on day 1 at and around the injury site disappeared on day 7, and there was gradual shrinkage and disappearance of the lesion on day 30, suggesting a clearance mechanism. We explored the possibility of lymphangiogenesis causing this clearance as part of the post-injury response. Notably, expression of lymphangiogenesis markers LYVE-1, CD34, and PROX1 was detected in damaged mouse brain tissue but not in normal tissue. Moreover, new lymphatic cells and colocalization of LYVE-1\/CD34 and LYVE-1\/PROX1 were also observed. Our findings of the formation of new lymphatic cells following pTBI provide preliminary insights into a post-injury clearance mechanism in the brain. Although we showed that lymphatic cells are implicated in brain tissue repair, further research is required to clarify the origin of these cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89616-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T10:03:16Z","timestamp":1620900196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["New lymphatic cell formation is associated with damaged brain tissue clearance after penetrating traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fan-Wei","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng-Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"89616_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002332","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002332","volume":"14","author":"P Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng, P. et al. 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