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In this paper, we present full kinematics, dynamics, and biomechanics assessment of unpowered exoskeleton augmentation for human running gait. To do so, the considered case study is the assistive torque profile of\n I-RUN<\/jats:italic>\n . Our approach is using some extensive data-driven OpenSim simulation results employing a generic lower limb model with 92-muscles and 29-DOF. In the simulation, it is observed that exoskeleton augmentation leads to\n \n \n $$4.62\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 4.62<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n metabolic rate reduction for the stiffness coefficient of\n \n \n $$\\alpha ^*=0.6$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n \u2217<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.6<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n . Moreover, this optimum stiffness coefficient minimizes the biological hip moment by\n \n \n $$26\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n 26<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n . The optimum stiffness coefficient (\n \n \n $$\\alpha ^*=0.6$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n \u2217<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.6<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) also reduces the average force of four major hip muscles, i.e., Psoas, Gluteus Maximus, Rectus Femoris, and Semimembranosus. The effect of assistive torque profile on the muscles\u2019 fatigue is also studied. Interestingly, it is observed that at\n \n \n $$\\alpha ^{\\#}=0.8$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n #<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.8<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , both all 92 lower limb muscles\u2019 fatigue and two hip major mono-articular muscles\u2019 fatigue have the maximum reduction. This result re-confirm our hypothesis that \u201dreducing the forces of two antagonistic mono-articular muscles is sufficient for involved muscles\u2019 total fatigue reduction.\u201d Finally, the relation between the amount of metabolic rate reduction and kinematics of hip joint is examined carefully where for the first time, we present a reliable kinematic index for prediction of the metabolic rate reduction by\n I-RUN<\/jats:italic>\n augmentation. This index not only explains individual differences in metabolic rate reduction but also provides a quantitative measure for training the subjects to maximize their benefits from\n I-RUN<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89640-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T06:04:47Z","timestamp":1622786687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Simulation-based biomechanical assessment of unpowered exoskeletons for running"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Aftabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rezvan","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid Nili","family":"Ahmadabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"89640_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2872889","volume":"26","author":"R Nasiri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nasiri, R., Ahmadi, A. & Nili Ahmadabadi, M. 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