{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:01:14Z","timestamp":1788562874021,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study aimed to determine the potential of schistosomula crude antigen (SCA) as a diagnostic target for anti-<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> antibody detection. Cercariae were transformed into schistosomula, homogenized through sonication, and then centrifuged to obtain the SCA. SCA was evaluated using ELISA and dot blots immunoassays on 30 <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> infected sera samples obtained from chronic patients and 30 non-infected humans\u2019 sera samples. Either Kato-Katz or saline gradient method or both were employed as the diagnostic reference. Dot blots immunoassay was further performed on protein eluted from 10 to 12 kDa immunoreactive band identified by Western blot analysis. The area under the ROC curve was 0.95 (AUC 0.95, CI 0.88\u20131.01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of SCA-ELISA and dot blots assays were 96.67% and 86.67% respectively. The human IgG-specific response against SCA was significantly higher in <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> infected individuals (OD\u2009=\u20090.678\u2009\u00b1\u20090.249) compared to the non-infected population (OD\u2009=\u20090.235\u2009\u00b1\u20090.136) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Our study showed that SCA and its 10\u201312 kDa component could be useful as diagnostic tools for chronic schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89929-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T10:06:23Z","timestamp":1621332383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of schistosomula crude antigen (SCA) as a diagnostic tool for Schistosoma mansoni in low endemic human population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Oyetunde Timothy","family":"Oyeyemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Amormino","family":"Corsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"de Castro Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaella Fortini Queiroz","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"89929_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Schistosomiasis. https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis. Accessed 27 May 2020."},{"key":"89929_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0411-2016","volume":"50","author":"MB Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santos, M. B. et al. Spatial analysis of viral hepatitis and schistosomiasis coinfection in an endemic area in Northeastern Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 50, 383\u2013387 (2017).","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"89929_CR3","unstructured":"Brasil, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade, Departamento de Vigil\u00e2ncia das Doen\u00e7as Transmiss\u00edveis. Vigil\u00e2ncia da esquistossomose mans\u00f6nica: diretrizes t\u00e9cnicas, 4a. ed. (Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, 2014)."},{"key":"89929_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2013.06.010","volume":"10","author":"OT Salawu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salawu, O. T. & Odaibo, A. B. Urogenital schistosomiasis and urological assessment of hematuria in preschool-aged children in rural communities of Nigeria. J. Ped. Urol. 10, 88\u201393 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Ped. Urol."},{"key":"89929_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.706","volume":"57","author":"A Ebrahim","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ebrahim, A., El-Morshedy, H., Omer, E., El-Daly, S. & Barakat, R. Evaluation of the Kato-Katz thick smear and formol ether sedimentation techniques for quantitative diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57, 706\u2013708 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"89929_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(98)01315-5","volume":"14","author":"MJ Doenhoff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doenhoff, M. J. Is schistosomicidal chemotherapy sub-curative? Implications for drug resistance. Parasitol. Today 14, 434\u2013435 (1998).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"89929_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3432-3437.2002","volume":"40","author":"T Van Gool","year":"2002","unstructured":"Van Gool, T. et al. Serodiagnosis of imported schistosomiasis by a combination of a commercial indirect hemagglutination test with Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigens and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with S. mansoni egg antigens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 3432\u20133437 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"89929_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1048-2","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Wang, X., Xu, X. & Pan, W. Evaluation of six novel antigens as potential biomarkers for the early immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. Parasites Vect. 8, 447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-1048-2 (2015).","journal-title":"Parasites Vect."},{"key":"89929_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030 (2020)."},{"key":"89929_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.1138","volume":"76","author":"YB Zhou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. B. et al. Field comparison of immunodiagnostic and parasitological techniques for the detection of Schistosomiasis japonica in the People\u2019s Republic of China. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76, 1138\u20131143 (2007).","journal-title":"Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"89929_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt077","volume":"107","author":"EM Dawson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dawson, E. M., Sousa-Figueiredo, J. C., Kabatereine, N. B., Doenhoff, M. J. & Stothard, J. R. Intestinal schistosomiasis in pre-school-aged children of Lake Albert, Uganda: Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid test for detection of antischistosome antibodies. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 107, 639\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trt077 (2013).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"89929_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0064-2012","volume":"46","author":"RF Grenfell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grenfell, R. F. et al. Acute schistosomiasis diagnosis: A new tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in a group of travelers recently infected in a new focus of Schistosoma mansoni. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 46, 208\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0037-8682-0064-2012 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"89929_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00137-14","volume":"28","author":"KG Weerakoon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weerakoon, K. G., Gobert, G. N., Cai, P. & McManus, D. P. Advances in the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 28, 939\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00137-14 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"89929_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652013000200002","volume":"55","author":"R Grenfell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grenfell, R. et al. The schistosomula tegument antigen as a potential candidate for the early serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo. 55, 75\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0036-46652013000200002 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"89929_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","volume":"36","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colley, D. G. & Secor, W. E. Immunology of human schistosomiasis. Parasite Immunol. 36, 347\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.12087 (2014).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"89929_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006974","volume":"13","author":"V Silva-Moraes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva-Moraes, V. et al. Serological proteomic screening and evaluation of a recombinant egg antigen for the diagnosis of low-intensity Schistosoma mansoni infections in endemic area in Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, e0006974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006974 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"89929_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1729-1735.1999","volume":"67","author":"H Asahi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Asahi, H., Hernandez, H. J. & Stadecker, M. J. A novel 62-kilodalton egg antigen from Schistosoma mansoni induces a potent CD4 (+) T helper cell response in the C57BL\/6 mouse. Infect. Immun. 67, 1729\u20131735 (1999).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"89929_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.06.014","volume":"216","author":"BD El Aswad","year":"2011","unstructured":"El Aswad, B. D., Doenhoff, M. J., El Hadidi, A. S., Schwaeble, W. J. & Lynch, N. J. Use of recombinant calreticulin and cercarial transformation fluid (CTF) in the serodiagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni. Immunobiology 216, 379\u2013385 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"89929_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001815","volume":"6","author":"H Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith, H. et al. Comparison of Schistosoma mansoni soluble cercarial antigens and soluble egg antigens for serodiagnosing schistosome infections. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, e1815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001815 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"89929_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-29","volume":"6","author":"JT Coulibaly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coulibaly, J. T., N\u2019Goran, E. K., Utzinger, J., Doenhoff, M. J. & Dawson, E. M. A new rapid diagnostic test for detection of anti-Schistosoma mansoni and anti-Schistosoma haematobium antibodies. Parasites Vectors 6, 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-6-29 (2013).","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"89929_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-165","volume":"14","author":"N Nausch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nausch, N. et al. Field evaluation of a new antibody-based diagnostic for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni at the point-of-care in northeast Zimbabwe. BMC Infect. Dis. 14, 165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-165 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"89929_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105800","volume":"215","author":"C Graeff-Teixeira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graeff-Teixeira, C. et al. Use of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) for antibody detection and diagnosis of schistosomiasis: The need for improved accuracy evaluations of diagnostic tools. Acta Trop. 215, 105800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105800 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"89929_CR23","first-page":"397","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","unstructured":"Katz, N., Chaves, A. & Pellegrino, J. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 14, 397\u2013400 (1972).","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"89929_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000500010","volume":"104","author":"PM Coelho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coelho, P. M., Jurberg, A. D., Oliveira, A. A. & Katz, N. Use of a saline gradient for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 104, 720\u2013723 (2009).","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"89929_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer, D.W. & Lemeshow, S. Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd ed. Chapter 5, 160\u2013164 (Wiley, 2000).","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"89929_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis, J. R. & Koch, G. G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33, 159\u2013174 (1977).","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89929-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89929-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89929-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T08:17:29Z","timestamp":1670055449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89929-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["89929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-89929-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10530"}}