{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T11:28:01Z","timestamp":1794396481747,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["625796\/472504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["625796\/472504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DGAPA-UNAM"},{"name":"Proprama de Apoyo a Proyectos de Ingestigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica UNAM","award":["PAPIIT IN212916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT IN212916"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01DK120307-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DK120307-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pelvic floor muscle stretch injury during pregnancy and birth is associated with the incidence of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), a condition that affects 30\u201360% of the female population and is characterized by involuntary urine leakage during physical activity, further exacerbated by aging. Aging and multiparous rabbits suffer pelvic nerve and muscle damage, resulting in alterations in pelvic floor muscular contraction and low urethral pressure, resembling SUI. However, the extent of nerve injury is not fully understood. Here, we used electron microscopy analysis of pelvic and perineal nerves in multiparous rabbits to describe the extent of stretch nerve injury based on axon count, axon size, myelin-to-axon ratio, and elliptical ratio. Compared to young nulliparous controls, mid-age multiparous animals showed an increase in the density of unmyelinated axons and in myelin thickness in both nerves, albeit more significant in the bulbospongiosus nerve. This revealed a partial but sustained damage to these nerves, and the presence of some regenerated axons. Additionally, we tested whether electrical stimulation of the bulbospongiosus nerve would induce muscle contraction and urethral closure. Using a miniature wireless stimulator implanted on this perineal nerve in young nulliparous and middle age multiparous female rabbits, we confirmed that these partially damaged nerves can be acutely depolarized, either at low (2\u20135 Hz) or medium (10\u201320 Hz) frequencies, to induce a proportional increase in urethral pressure. Evaluation of micturition volume in the mid-age multiparous animals after perineal nerve stimulation, effectively reversed a baseline deficit, increasing it 2-fold (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). These results support the notion that selective neuromodulation of pelvic floor muscles might serve as a potential treatment for SUI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90088-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T10:03:29Z","timestamp":1621418609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Targeted neuromodulation of pelvic floor nerves in aging and multiparous rabbits improves continence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ana G.","family":"Hernandez-Reynoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora L.","family":"Corona-Quintanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana A.","family":"Horbovetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Castel\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Zimmern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario I.","family":"Romero-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"90088_CR1","volume-title":"Incontinence: 6th International Consultation on Incontinence","author":"T Adewuyi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adewuyi, T. et al. Incontinence: 6th International Consultation on Incontinence (International Continence Society, 2017)."},{"key":"90088_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04622-9","volume":"32","author":"K Falah-Hassani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Falah-Hassani, K., Reeves, J., Shiri, R., Hickling, D. & McLean, L. The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Urogynecol. J. 32, 501\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-020-04622-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"90088_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2015.06.003","volume":"200","author":"CJ Chermansky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chermansky, C. J. & Moalli, P. A. Role of pelvic floor in lower urinary tract function. Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin. 200, 43\u201348 (2016).","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"90088_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.03.084","volume":"70","author":"X Deffieux","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deffieux, X. et al. Pelvic floor muscle activity during coughing: Altered pattern in women with stress urinary incontinence. Urology 70, 443\u2013447 (2007).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"90088_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)91840-2","volume":"170","author":"JOL DeLancey","year":"1994","unstructured":"DeLancey, J. O. L. Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: The hammock hypothesis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170, 1713\u20131723 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"90088_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1993.tb06455.x","volume":"72","author":"FM Deindl","year":"1993","unstructured":"Deindl, F. M., Vodusek, D. B., Hesse, U. & Sch\u00fcssler, B. Activity patterns of pubococcygeal muscles in nulliparous continent women. Br. J. Urol. 72, 46\u201351 (1993).","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"90088_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02321.x","volume":"116","author":"K Svab\u00edk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Svab\u00edk, K., Shek, K. L. & Dietz, H. P. How much does the levator hiatus have to stretch during childbirth?. BJOG An Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 116, 1657\u20131662 (2009).","journal-title":"BJOG An Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"90088_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20080","volume":"24","author":"K Jundt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jundt, K. et al. Is the histomorphological concept of the female pelvic floor and its changes due to age and vaginal delivery correct?. Neurourol. Urodyn. 24, 44\u201350 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"90088_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12209","volume":"11","author":"H Yanai-Inamura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yanai-Inamura, H. et al. Urethral function and histopathology in aged female rats as a stress urinary incontinence model. LUTS Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms 11, 186\u2013192 (2019).","journal-title":"LUTS Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"90088_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-004-1281-2","volume":"16","author":"L Zhu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Lang, J. H., Chen, J. & Chen, J. Morphologic study on levator ani muscle in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Int. Urogynecol. J. 16, 401\u2013404 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"90088_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.01.032","volume":"192","author":"K-C Lien","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lien, K.-C., Morgan, D. M., Delancey, J. O. L. & Ashton-Miller, J. A. Pudendal nerve stretch during vaginal birth: A 3D computer simulation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 192, 1669\u20131676 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"90088_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01900583","volume":"6","author":"FM Deindl","year":"1995","unstructured":"Deindl, F. M., Vodusek, D. B., Schussler, B., Hofmann, R. & Hartung, R. Pelvic floor activity patterns in urinary stress incontinent women: Evolutionary, neurophysiological and diagnostic considerations. Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 6, 175\u2013179 (1995).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic Floor Dysfunct."},{"key":"90088_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22416","volume":"33","author":"DL Corona-Quintanilla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Corona-Quintanilla, D. L., Zempoalteca, R., Arteaga, L., Castel\u00e1n, F. & Martinez-Gomez, M. The role of pelvic and perineal striated muscles in urethral function during micturition in female rabbits. Neurourol. Urodyn. 33, 455\u2013460 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"90088_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22788","volume":"35","author":"DL Corona-Quintanilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corona-Quintanilla, D. L. et al. Anatomic and functional properties of bulboglandularis striated muscle support its contribution as sphincter in female rabbit micturition. Neurourol. Urodyn. 35, 689\u2013695 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"90088_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.103","volume":"181","author":"DL Corona-Quintanilla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Corona-Quintanilla, D. L., Castel\u00e1n, F., Fajardo, V., Manzo, J. & Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez, M. Temporal coordination of pelvic and perineal striated muscle activity during micturition in female rabbits. J. Urol. 181, 1452\u20131458 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"90088_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00331-X","author":"R Hudson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hudson, R., Cruz, Y., Lucio, R. A., Ninomiya, J. & Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez, M. Temporal and behavioral patterning of parturition in rabbits and rats. Physiol. Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00331-X (1999).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"90088_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23889","volume":"38","author":"MR Rajasekaran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajasekaran, M. R. et al. Age and multiparity related urethral sphincter muscle dysfunction in a rabbit model: Potential roles of TGF-\u03b2 and Wnt-\u03b2 catenin signaling pathways. Neurourol. Urodyn. 38, 607\u2013614 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"90088_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01105","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1105","volume":"8","author":"F Castel\u00e1n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castel\u00e1n, F. et al. Multiparity affects conduction properties of pelvic floor nerves in rabbits. Brain Behav. 8, e01105 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"90088_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23305","volume":"37","author":"R L\u00f3pez-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ju\u00e1rez, R. et al. Multiparity modifies contractile properties of pelvic muscles affecting the genesis of vaginal pressure in rabbits. Neurourol. Urodyn. 37, 106\u2013114 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"90088_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22702","volume":"35","author":"K L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda, K. et al. Differential damage and repair responses of pubococcygeus and bulbospongiosus muscles in multiparous rabbits. Neurourol. Urodyn. 35, 180\u2013185 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"90088_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111411728","volume":"18","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez, M. et al. Multiparity causes uncoordinated activity of pelvic- and perineal-striated muscles and urodynamic changes in rabbits. Reprod. Sci. 18, 1246\u20131252 (2011).","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"90088_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24176","volume":"39","author":"DL Corona-Quintanilla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corona-Quintanilla, D. L. et al. Bladder and urethral dysfunction in multiparous and mature rabbits correlates with abnormal activity of pubococcygeus and bulbospongiosus muscles. Neurourol. Urodyn. 39, 116\u2013124 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"90088_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn332","author":"M Moldovan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moldovan, M., Alvarez, S. & Krarup, C. Motor axon excitability during Wallerian degeneration. Brain https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awn332 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"90088_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1555","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00431.2017","volume":"315","author":"HH Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang, H. H. et al. Electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve promotes neuroregeneration and functional recovery from stress urinary incontinence in a rat model. Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 315, F1555\u2013F1564 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"90088_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00659","volume":"11","author":"DK Freeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freeman, D. K. et al. A sub-millimeter, inductively powered neural stimulator. Front. Neurosci. 11, 659 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"90088_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab1c36","volume":"16","author":"AG Hernandez-Reynoso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hernandez-Reynoso, A. G. et al. Miniature electroparticle-cuff for wireless peripheral neuromodulation. J. Neural Eng. 16, 046002 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"512","key":"90088_CR27","first-page":"e1","volume":"218","author":"T Catanzarite","year":"2018","unstructured":"Catanzarite, T. et al. Pelvic muscles\u2019 mechanical response to strains in the absence and presence of pregnancy-induced adaptations in a rat model. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 218(512), e1-512.e9 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"130","key":"90088_CR28","first-page":"e1","volume":"221","author":"LA Burnett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burnett, L. A., Boscolo, F. S., Laurent, L. C., Wong, M. & Alperin, M. Uncovering changes in proteomic signature of rat pelvic floor muscles in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 221(130), e1-130.e9 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"90088_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.10.003","volume":"107","author":"S Almousa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Almousa, S. & Bandin van Loon, A. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in nulliparous adolescent and middle-aged women and the associated risk factors: A systematic review. Maturitas 107, 78\u201383 (2018).","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"90088_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.21221","volume":"31","author":"BB Hansen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hansen, B. B., Svare, J., Viktrup, L., J\u00f8rgensen, T. & Lose, G. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy and 1 year after delivery in primiparous women compared with a control group of nulliparous women. Neurourol. Urodyn. 31, 475\u2013480 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"90088_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.05.009","volume":"306","author":"E Villal\u00f3n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Villal\u00f3n, E. et al. Internode length is reduced during myelination and remyelination by neurofilament medium phosphorylation in motor axons. Exp. Neurol. 306, 158\u2013168 (2018).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"90088_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22361-2","volume":"8","author":"MK Giacci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giacci, M. K. et al. Three dimensional electron microscopy reveals changing axonal and myelin morphology along normal and partially injured optic nerves. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"90088_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.06.035","volume":"131","author":"T Kandula","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kandula, T., Park, S. B., Carey, K. A., Lin, C. S. Y. & Farrar, M. A. Peripheral nerve maturation and excitability properties from early childhood: Comparison of motor and sensory nerves. Clin. Neurophysiol. 131, 2452\u20132459 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"90088_CR34","first-page":"110.1","volume":"82","author":"AD Vizoso","year":"1948","unstructured":"Vizoso, A. D. & Young, J. Z. Internode length and fibre diameter in developing and regenerating nerves. J. Anat. 82, 110.1-134.1 (1948).","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"90088_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22941","volume":"64","author":"AH Seidl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seidl, A. H. & Rubel, E. W. Systematic and differential myelination of axon collaterals in the mammalian auditory brainstem. Glia 64, 487\u2013494 (2016).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"90088_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2255-17.2017","volume":"38","author":"I Cervellini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cervellini, I. et al. Sustained MAPK\/ERK activation in adult schwann cells impairs nerve repair. J. Neurosci. 38, 679\u2013690 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"90088_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.03.001","author":"Y Eshed-Eisenbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eshed-Eisenbach, Y. et al. Precise spatiotemporal control of nodal Na+ channel clustering by bone morphogenetic protein-1\/Tolloid-like proteinases. Neuron https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.03.001 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"90088_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2019.11.018","volume":"6","author":"S De Wachter","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Wachter, S., Vaganee, D. & Kessler, T. M. Sacral neuromodulation: Mechanism of action. Eur. Urol. Focus 6, 823\u2013825 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"90088_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00189","volume":"6","author":"H Kern","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kern, H. et al. Electrical stimulation (ES) counteracts muscle decline in seniors. Front. Aging Neurosci. 6, 1\u201311 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"90088_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cruz-G\u00f3mez, Y. et al. Electromyography of pelvic floor muscles in rats. in Advances in Applied Electromyography 189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/23879 (2011).","DOI":"10.5772\/23879"},{"key":"90088_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.11.023","author":"GN Correia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Correia, G. N., Pereira, V. S., Hirakawa, H. S. & Driusso, P. Effects of surface and intravaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence: Randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.11.023 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"90088_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00130.x","author":"J Spruijt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spruijt, J., Vierhout, M., Verstraeten, R., Janssens, J. & Burger, C. Vaginal electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor: A randomized feasibility study in urinary incontinent elderly women. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00130.x (2003).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"90088_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233531","author":"C Ju","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ju, C. et al. Effectiveness of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration after crush injury: Comparison between invasive and non-invasive stimulation. PLoS ONE https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233531 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"90088_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.20-07-02602.2000","author":"AA Al-Majed","year":"2000","unstructured":"Al-Majed, A. A., Neumann, C. M., Brushart, T. M. & Gordon, T. Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.20-07-02602.2000 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"90088_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.03.032","volume":"169","author":"K L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda, K. et al. Effect of multiparity on morphometry and oestrogen receptor expression of pelvic and perineal striated muscles in rabbits: Is serum oestradiol relevant?. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 169, 113\u2013120 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"90088_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.2019 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"90088_CR47","volume-title":"ImageJ [Software]","author":"W Rasband","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rasband, W. ImageJ [Software] (U.S. Natl. Institutes Health, 2015)."},{"key":"90088_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013464","volume":"308","author":"ER Arbuthnott","year":"1980","unstructured":"Arbuthnott, E. R., Ballard, K. J., Boyd, I. A. & Kalu, K. U. Quantitative study of the non-circularity of myelinated peripheral nerve fibres in the cat. J. Physiol. 308, 99\u2013123 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"90088_CR49","unstructured":"Villarino, M. B. Ramanujan\u2019s Perimeter of an Ellipse (2005)."},{"key":"90088_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199704)247:4<486::AID-AR7>3.0.CO;2-P","volume":"247","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez, M., Lucio, R. A., Carro, M., Pacheco, P. & Hudson, R. Striated muscles and scent glands associated with the vaginal tract of the rabbit. Anat. Rec. 247, 486 (1997).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"90088_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1307","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00088.2005","volume":"289","author":"Y Cruz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cruz, Y. & Downie, J. W. Sexually dimorphic micturition in rats: Relationship of perineal muscle activity to voiding pattern. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 289, R1307\u2013R1318 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"90088_CR52","unstructured":"Grothendieck, G. nls2: Non-linear regression with brute force (2013)."},{"key":"90088_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer, 2016)."},{"key":"90088_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i01","volume":"40","author":"H Wickham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wickham, H. The split-apply-combine strategy for data analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 40, 1\u201329 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"90088_CR55","unstructured":"Keyes, O. et al. urltools: Vectorised Tools for URL handing and Parsing (2019)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-90088-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-90088-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-90088-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T02:06:47Z","timestamp":1675303607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-90088-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["90088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-90088-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"MRO is a shareholder of a company that has commercial interest in neuromodulation of the PFM. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10615"}}