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Vector-borne pathogens and the microbiota can both influence the fitness of their arthropod vectors, and hence the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. The bacterium <jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>, which causes Lyme borreliosis in Europe, is transmitted among vertebrate reservoir hosts by <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> ticks, which also harbour a diverse microbiota of non-pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this controlled study was to test whether <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic> and the tick-associated microbiota influence the fitness of <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>. Eggs obtained from field-collected adult female ticks were surface sterilized (with bleach and ethanol), which reduced the abundance of the bacterial microbiota in the hatched <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic> larvae by 28-fold compared to larvae that hatched from control eggs washed with water. The dysbiosed and control larvae were subsequently fed on <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>-infected or uninfected control mice, and the engorged larvae were left to moult into nymphs under laboratory conditions. <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic> larvae that fed on <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>-infected mice had a significantly faster larva-to-nymph moulting time compared to larvae that fed on uninfected control mice, but the effect was small (2.4% reduction) and unlikely to be biologically significant. We found no evidence that <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic> infection or reduction of the larval microbiota influenced the four other life history traits of the immature <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic> ticks, which included engorged larval weight, unfed nymphal weight, larva-to-nymph moulting success, and immature tick survival. A retrospective power analysis found that our sampling effort had sufficient power (&gt;\u200980%) to detect small effects (differences of 5% to 10%) of our treatments. Under the environmental conditions of this study, we conclude that <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic> and the egg surface microbiota had no meaningful effects on tick fitness and hence on the R<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> of Lyme borreliosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90177-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T10:02:50Z","timestamp":1621591370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Infection with Borrelia afzelii and manipulation of the egg surface microbiota have no effect on the fitness of immature Ixodes ricinus ticks"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Georgia","family":"Hurry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Maluenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"Sarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Belli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phineas T.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Duron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Plantard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten J.","family":"Voordouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"90177_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randolph, S. 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