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In this study, by utilizing a DNA-based approach, a total of 1043 clinical specimens were processed for the identification of actinobacteria targeting the 16S rRNA and <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic> genes. Drug susceptibility testing was also conducted using micro-broth dilution and PCR. Two isolates of <jats:italic>Nocardia flavorosea<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rhodococcus erythropolis<\/jats:italic> were reported for the first time in Iran. Also, <jats:italic>Nocardiopsis dassonvillei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptomyces olivaceus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Streptomyces griseus<\/jats:italic> were reported for the first time in Asia. Infections caused by <jats:italic>Nocardia caishijiensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Prauserella muralis<\/jats:italic> have also been reported in this study. The first Asian case of pulmonary infection caused by <jats:italic>Nocardia ignorata<\/jats:italic> and the first global case of brain abscess caused by <jats:italic>Nocardia ninae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Nocardia neocaledoniensis<\/jats:italic> have been reported in this study. Overall 30 isolates belonging to 6 genera (<jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rodoccoccus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Nocardiopsis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rothia<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Prauserella<\/jats:italic>) were detected in 30 patients. All 30 isolates were susceptible to amikacin and linezolid. Three isolates including <jats:italic>Nocardia otitidiscaviarum<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20092) and <jats:italic>Nocardia flavorosea<\/jats:italic> (n\u2009=\u20091) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole which were the first trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant clinical actinomycetes in Iran. Isolation of rare species of actinomycetes particularly <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic> spp. requires urgent action before they spread clinically particularly among immunocompromised patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90269-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T10:02:53Z","timestamp":1621850573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Molecular identification and antibiotic resistance pattern of actinomycetes isolates among immunocompromised patients in Iran, emerging of new infections"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hossein Ali","family":"Rahdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Bahador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Ghiasvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemah","family":"Sadeghpour Heravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Feizabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"90269_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00019-15","volume":"80","author":"EA Barka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barka, E. 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