{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:16:28Z","timestamp":1793020588761,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG GRS 1013 SALSA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG GRS 1013 SALSA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006211","name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only a few scientific evidences for the use of Egyptian blue in Early Medieval wall paintings in Central and Southern Europe have been reported so far. The monochrome blue fragment discussed here belongs to the second church building of St. Peter above Gratsch (South Tyrol, Northern Italy, fifth\/sixth century A.D.). Beyond cuprorivaite and carbon black (underpainting), 26 accessory minerals down to trace levels were detected by means of Raman microspectroscopy, providing unprecedented insights into the raw materials blend and conversion reactions during preparation, application, and ageing of the pigment. In conjunction with archaeological evidences for the manufacture of Egyptian blue in Cumae and Liternum and the concordant statements of the antique Roman writers Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder, natural impurities of the quartz sand speak for a pigment produced at the northern Phlegrean Fields (Campania, Southern Italy). Chalcocite (and chalcopyrite) suggest the use of a sulphidic copper ore, and water-insoluble salts a mixed-alkaline flux in the form of plant ash. Not fully reacted quartz crystals partly intergrown with cuprorivaite and only minimal traces of silicate glass portend solid-state reactions predominating the chemical reactions during synthesis, while the melting of the raw materials into glass most likely played a negligible role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90759-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T10:42:09Z","timestamp":1622198529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Trace compounds in Early Medieval Egyptian blue carry information on provenance, manufacture, application, and ageing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Petra","family":"Dariz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"90759_CR1","first-page":"333","volume":"3","author":"C Minguzzi","year":"1938","unstructured":"Minguzzi, C. Cuprorivaite: Un nuovo minerale. Period. di Mineral. 3, 333\u2013345 (1938).","journal-title":"Period. di Mineral."},{"key":"90759_CR2","unstructured":"Riedl, N., Provinzialr\u00f6mische Wandmalerei in Deutschland. Geschichte \u2013 historische Werkstoffe \u2013 Technologie \u2013 Restaurierungsgeschichte im Kontext der Denkmalpflege (PhD thesis, Otto-Friedrich-Universit\u00e4t Bamberg, 2007)."},{"key":"90759_CR3","unstructured":"Welter, N., Untersuchung von Pigmenten in r\u00f6mischer Wandmalerei und antiken Gl\u00e4sern (PhD thesis, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, 2008)."},{"key":"90759_CR4","first-page":"363","volume":"2006","author":"J Weber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weber, J. & Bayerova, T. Zur Technik r\u00f6mischer Wandmalerei in Carnuntum anhand von materialwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen an bemalten Putzfragmenten. Carnuntum Jahrbuch 2006, 363\u2013374 (2006).","journal-title":"Carnuntum Jahrbuch"},{"key":"90759_CR5","first-page":"361","volume":"10","author":"J Weber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weber, J. Materialtechnische Untersuchungen an ausgew\u00e4hlten Putzproben von der Wand- und Deckendekoration aus Saalfelden\/Wieserberg. Arch\u00e4ologie Salzburg 10, 361\u2013363 (2015).","journal-title":"Arch\u00e4ologie Salzburg"},{"key":"90759_CR6","unstructured":"Linke., R., Pint\u00e9r, F., Santner, M., Sagmeister, A., Pitthard, V., Griesser, M. & Barfuss, S., Werktechnik der Wand- und Deckenmalereien aus dem Haus der Medusa in Das Haus der Medusa. R\u00f6mische Wandmalerei in Enns (ed. Santner, M.), Fokus Denkmal 8, 187\u2013207 (Bundesdenkmalamt, 2017)."},{"key":"90759_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaetani, M., Santamaria, U. & Seccaroni, C., The use of Egyptian Blue and Lapis Lazuli in the Middle Ages. The wall paintings of the San Saba Church in Rome. Stud. Conserv. 49, 13\u201322 (2004).","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.2004.49.1.13"},{"key":"90759_CR8","first-page":"17","volume":"2","author":"M Wolf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wolf, M. Neuer Nachweis f\u00fcr \u00c4gyptisch Blau in karolingischer Wandmalerei. ICMA News 2, 17\u201321 (2017).","journal-title":"ICMA News"},{"key":"90759_CR9","unstructured":"Emmenegger, O., Karolingische und romanische Wandmalerei in der Klosterkirche. Technik, Restaurierungsprobleme, Massnahmen in Die mittelalterlichen Wandmalereien im Kloster M\u00fcstair: Grundlagen zur Konservierung und Pflege (eds. Wyss, A., Rutishauser, H. & Nay, M.) 77\u2013139 (vdf, 2002)."},{"key":"90759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1982.27.2.84","volume":"27","author":"L Lazzarini","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lazzarini, L. The discovery of Egyptian blue in a Roman fresco of the medieval period (ninth century A.D.). Stud. Conserv. 27, 84\u201386 (1982).","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"90759_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicola, M., Aceto, M., Gheroldi, V., Gobetto, R. & Chiari, G., Egyptian blue in the Castelseprio mural painting cycle. Imaging and evidence of a non-traditional manufacture. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep., 19, 465\u2013475 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2018.03.031"},{"key":"90759_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4555(199904)30:4<313::AID-JRS381>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"30","author":"S Pag\u00e8s-Camagna","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pag\u00e8s-Camagna, S., Colinart, S. & Coupry, C. Fabrication processes of archaeological Egyptian blue and green pigments enlightened by Raman microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 30, 313\u2013317 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"90759_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-4754.2003.00134.x","volume":"45","author":"S Pag\u00e8s-Camagna","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pag\u00e8s-Camagna, S. & Colinart, S. The Egyptian green pigment: its manufacturing process and links to Egyptian blue. Archaeometry 45, 637\u2013658 (2003).","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"90759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1296-2074(00)00165-5","volume":"1","author":"P Bianchetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bianchetti, P., Talarico, F., Vigliano, M. & Ali, M. Production and characterization of Egyptian blue and Egyptian green frit. J. Cult. Herit. 1, 179\u2013188 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"90759_CR15","first-page":"679","volume":"91","author":"P Baraldi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baraldi, P. et al. Study of the vibrational spectrum of cuprorivaite. Ann. Chim. (Rome) 91, 679\u2013692 (2001).","journal-title":"Ann. Chim. (Rome)"},{"key":"90759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2005.00904.x","volume":"89","author":"T Pradell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pradell, T., Salvado, N., Hatton, G. & Tite, M. Physical processes involved in production of the ancient pigment Egyptian blue. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 1426\u20131431 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"90759_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2007.11.008","volume":"35","author":"G Hatton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hatton, G., Shortland, A. & Tite, M. The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from second millennium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 1591\u20131604 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR18","unstructured":"Ullrich, D., \u00c4gyptisch Blau. Bildungsbedingungen und Rekonstruktionsversuch der antiken Herstellungstechniken (Diploma thesis, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 1979)."},{"key":"90759_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture. Book 7: Finishing (translated by Rowland, I.) 94 (Ch. 11) (Cambridge University Press, 1999).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511840951"},{"key":"90759_CR20","unstructured":"Plinius Secundus, G., Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII. Liber XXXIII: Metallurgie (translated by K\u00f6nig, R. & Winkler, G.) 158\u2013159 (Artemis & Winkler, 2007)."},{"key":"90759_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barney, S., Lewis, W., Beach, J. & Berghof, O., Ships, buildings, and clothing (De navibus aedificiis et vestibus) (Book XIX) in The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, 381 (Cambridge University Press, 2006).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511482113"},{"key":"90759_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plinius Secundus, G., Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII. Volumen V: Libri XXXI-XXXVII (ed. Mayhoff, K.) 160\u2013162 (De Gruyter, 2002).","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110956306"},{"key":"90759_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.11.004","volume":"53","author":"L Lazzarini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lazzarini, L. & Verit\u00e0, M. First evidence for 1st century AD production of Egyptian blue frit in Roman Italy. J. Archaeol. Sci. 53, 578\u2013585 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.14370","volume":"99","author":"C Grifa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grifa, C. et al. Beyond Vitruvius: new insight in the technology of Egyptian blue and green frits. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99, 3467\u20133475 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"90759_CR25","first-page":"235","volume":"28","author":"L Cavassa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cavassa, L., Delamare, F. & Repoux, M. La fabrication du bleu \u00e9gyptien dans les champs Phl\u00e9gr\u00e9ens (Campanie, Italie) durant le 1er si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re. Aspects de l\u2019artisanat en milieu urbain: Gaule et Occident romain. Revue Arch\u00e9ol. Est Suppl. 28, 235\u2013249 (2010).","journal-title":"Revue Arch\u00e9ol. Est Suppl."},{"key":"90759_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caputo, P., La fabrication du bleu \u00e9gyptien \u00e0 Cumes in Artisanats antiques d\u2019Italie et de Gaule (ed. Brun, J.-P.) 169\u2013179 (Publications du Centre Jean B\u00e9rard, 2009).","DOI":"10.4000\/books.pcjb.4248"},{"key":"90759_CR27","unstructured":"Hatton, G., Production of Egyptian blue and green frits in Production technology of faience and related early vitreous materials (eds. Tite, M. & Shortland, A.) 147\u2013185 (Oxford University School of Archaeology, 2008)."},{"key":"90759_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047759400072184","volume":"29","author":"A Skovm\u00f8ller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skovm\u00f8ller, A., Br\u00f8ns, C. & Sargent, M. Egyptian blue: modern myths, ancient realities. J. Roman Archaeol. 29, 371\u2013387 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Roman Archaeol."},{"key":"90759_CR29","unstructured":"Heck, L., \u00c4gyptisch Blau in Noricum \u2013 aus Noricum? Rudolfinum \u2013 Jahrbuch des Landesmuseums f\u00fcr K\u00e4rnten 2004, 223\u2013239 (2004)."},{"key":"90759_CR30","unstructured":"Heck, L., Blaue Pigmentkugeln aus der r\u00f6mischen Villa von Borg. Fr\u00fche chemische Industrie auf der Basis des Azuritbergbaus zwischen Mosel und Saar. Metalla 6, 13\u201339 (1999)."},{"key":"90759_CR31","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, G, Wallerfangen. R\u00f6mischer Bergbau auf Azurit und die Produktion von \u00c4gyptisch Blau (self-published, 2010)."},{"key":"90759_CR32","first-page":"45","volume":"37","author":"G M\u00fcller","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, G. Eine Analyse von Pigmentkugeln (\u00c4gyptisch Blau) aus Borg (Gemeinde Perl, N-Saarland). Unsere Heimat 37, 45\u201355 (2012).","journal-title":"Unsere Heimat"},{"key":"90759_CR33","first-page":"22","volume":"70","author":"A Chaptal","year":"1809","unstructured":"Chaptal, A. Sur quelques couleurs trouv\u00e9es \u00e0 Pompe\u00efa. Ann. Chim. 70, 22\u201331 (1809).","journal-title":"Ann. Chim."},{"key":"90759_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1815.0009","volume":"105","author":"H Davy","year":"1815","unstructured":"Davy, H. Some experiments and observations on the colours used in painting by the Ancients. Phil. Trans. 105, 97\u2013124 (1815).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans."},{"key":"90759_CR35","first-page":"86","volume":"2","author":"J Girardin","year":"1852","unstructured":"Girardin, J. Analyse de plusieurs produits d\u2019art d\u2019une haute antiquit\u00e9. M\u00e9moires pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s pas divers savants \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres 2, 86\u2013104 (1852).","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s pas divers savants \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres"},{"key":"90759_CR36","first-page":"193","volume":"2","author":"H de Fontenay","year":"1874","unstructured":"de Fontenay, H. Note sur le bleu \u00e9gyptien. Ann. Chim. Phys. 2, 193\u2013199 (1874).","journal-title":"Ann. Chim. Phys."},{"key":"90759_CR37","first-page":"36","volume":"12","author":"F Fouqu\u00e9","year":"1889","unstructured":"Fouqu\u00e9, F. Sur le bleu \u00e9gyptien. Bull. Soc. Fran\u00e7. De Min\u00e9r. 12, 36\u201338 (1889).","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fran\u00e7. De Min\u00e9r."},{"key":"90759_CR38","first-page":"418","volume":"89","author":"A Laurie","year":"1914","unstructured":"Laurie, A., Mc Lintock, W. & Miles, F. Egyptian Blue. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 89, 418\u2013429 (1914).","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"90759_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2013.06.016","volume":"40","author":"G Ingo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ingo, G. et al. Egyptian Blue cakes from the Ayanis fortress (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey): Micro-chemical and -structural investigations for the identification of manufacturing process and provenance. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 4283\u20134290 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostomitsopoulou Marketou, A., Andriulo, F., Steindal, C. & Handberg, S., Egyptian Blue pellets from the first century BCE workshop of Kos (Greece): Microanalytical investigation by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Minerals 10, 1063\u20131093 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/min10121063"},{"key":"90759_CR41","unstructured":"Nothdurfter, H., St. Peter in Gratsch in Schloss Tirol. Baugeschichte (eds. Hauser, W. & Mittermair, M.) 77\u201381 (Athesia Druck, 2017)."},{"key":"90759_CR42","unstructured":"Lunz, R., Ausgrabungen in St. Peter ob Gratsch (Temi, 2007)."},{"key":"90759_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage2020102","volume":"2","author":"T Schmid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmid, T. & Dariz, P. Raman microspectroscopic imaging of binder remnants in historical mortars reveals processing conditions. Heritage (Basel) 2, 1662\u20131683 (2019).","journal-title":"Heritage (Basel)"},{"key":"90759_CR44","unstructured":"Delamare, F., Le bleu \u00c9gyptien, essai de bibliographie critique in La couleur dans la peinture et l\u2019\u00e9maillage de l\u2019\u00c9gypte ancienne (eds. Colinart, S. & Menu, M.) 143\u2013162 (Edipuglia, 1998)."},{"key":"90759_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18410","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18410","volume":"5","author":"T Schmid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmid, T., Sch\u00e4fer, N., Levcenko, S., Rissom, T. & Abou-Ras, D. Orientation-distribution mapping of polycrystalline materials by Raman microspectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 5, 18410 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"90759_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4555(199711)28:11<873::AID-JRS177>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"28","author":"D de Faria","year":"1997","unstructured":"de Faria, D., Ven\u00e2ncio Silva, S. & de Oliveira, M. Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. J. Raman Spectrosc. 28, 873\u2013878 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"90759_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lafuente, B., Downs, R., Yang, H. & Stone, N., The power of databases: the RRUFF project in. Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography (eds. Armbruster, T. & Danisi, R.) 1\u201329 (W. de Gruyter, 2015); available on-line at http:\/\/rruff.info\/.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110417104-003"},{"key":"90759_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.2018.63","volume":"88","author":"K Vyverberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vyverberg, K., Jaeger, J. & Dutton, A. Quantifying detection limits and uncertainty in X-ray diffraction mineralogical assessments of biogenic carbonates. J. Sediment. Res. 88, 1261\u20131275 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Res."},{"key":"90759_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S1296-2074(00)01095-5","volume":"1","author":"G Pozza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pozza, G., Aj\u00f2, D., Chiari, G., De Zuane, F. & Favaro, M. Photoluminescence of the inorganic pigments Egyptian blue, Han blue and Han purple. J. Cult. Herit. 1, 393\u2013398 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"90759_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1039\/b902563d","volume":"45","author":"G Accorsi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Accorsi, G. et al. The exceptional near-infrared luminescence properties of cuprorivaite (Egyptian blue). Chem. Commun. 45, 3392\u20133394 (2009).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"90759_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1021\/ja310587c","volume":"135","author":"D Johnson-McDaniel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson-McDaniel, D., Barrett, C., Sharafi, A. & Salguero, T. Nanoscience of an ancient pigment. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 1677\u20131679 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"90759_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0242549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242549","volume":"15","author":"L Seymour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seymour, L. et al. On the production of ancient Egyptian blue: Multi-modal characterization and micron-scale luminescence mapping. PLoS ONE 15, e0242549 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"90759_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-017-0137-2","volume":"5","author":"J Dyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dyer, J. & Sotiropoulou, S. A technical step forward in the integration of visible-induced luminescence imaging methods for the study of ancient polychromy. Herit. Sci. 5, 24 (2017).","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-019-0296-4","volume":"7","author":"S Hedegaard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hedegaard, S., Delbey, T., Br\u00f8ns, C. & Rasmussen, K. Painting the Palace of Apries II: ancient pigments of the relief from the Palace of Apries Lower Egypt. Herit. Sci. 7, 54 (2019).","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okrusch, M. & Matthes, S., Mineralogie. Eine Einf\u00fchrung in die spezielle Mineralogie, Petrologie und Lagerst\u00e4ttenkunde, 180\u2013182 (Springer, 2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34660-6"},{"key":"90759_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3390\/app9071310","volume":"9","author":"K Hauke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hauke, K., Kehren, J., B\u00f6hme, N., Zimmer, S. & Geisler, T. In situ hyperspectral Raman imaging: a new method to investigate sintering processes of ceramic material at high temperature. Appl. Sci. (Basel) 9, 1310\u20131332 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. (Basel)"},{"key":"90759_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.01.007","volume":"34","author":"B Fabbri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fabbri, B., Gualtieri, S. & Shoval, S. The presence of calcite in archaeological ceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 34, 1899\u20131911 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"90759_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2011.3813","volume":"97","author":"C Rodriguez-Navarro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Kudlacz, K. & Ruiz-Agudo, E. The mechanism of thermal decomposition of dolomite: New insights from 2D-XRD and TEM analyses. Am. Mineral. 97, 38\u201351 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"90759_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30162","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP05596B","volume":"17","author":"J Valverde","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valverde, J., Perejon, A., Medina, S. & Perez-Maqueda, L. Thermal decomposition of dolomite under CO2: insights from TGA and in situ XRD analysis. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 30162\u201330176 (2015).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"90759_CR60","unstructured":"Diekamp, A., Bindemitteluntersuchungen an historischen Putzen und M\u00f6rteln aus Tirol und S\u00fcdtirol, 51\u201353 (PhD thesis, Leopold-Franzens-Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 2014)."},{"key":"90759_CR61","unstructured":"Siedel, H., Michalski, S. & Zier, H.-W., Brennen, L\u00f6schen und Erh\u00e4rten von Dolomitkalken in Umweltbedingte Geb\u00e4udesch\u00e4den an Denkm\u00e4lern durch die Verwendung von Dolomitkalkm\u00f6rteln (ed. Institut f\u00fcr Steinkonservierung) 7\u201310 (self-published, 2003)."},{"key":"90759_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2008.02.008","volume":"42","author":"M Trindade","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trindade, M., Dias, M., Coroado, J. & Rocha, F. Mineralogical transformations of calcareous rich clays with firing: A comparative study between calcite and dolomite rich clays from Algarve, Portugal. Appl. Clay Sci. 42, 345\u2013355 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2007.09.052","volume":"63","author":"M H\u00e4nchen","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00e4nchen, M., Prigiobbe, V., Baciocchi, R. & Mazzotti, M. Precipitation in the Mg-carbonate system \u2013 effects of temperature and CO2 pressure. Chem. Eng. Sci. 63, 1012\u20131028 (2008).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2013.06.121","volume":"116","author":"L Bonales","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonales, L. et al. Quantitative Raman spectroscopy as a tool to study the kinetics and formation mechanism of carbonates. Spectrochim. Acta A 116, 26\u201330 (2013).","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"90759_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.s5-18.107.365","volume":"18","author":"N Bowen","year":"1929","unstructured":"Bowen, N. & Schairer, J. The fusion relations of acmite. Am. J. Sci. 18, 365\u2013374 (1929).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1127\/0935-1221\/2001\/0013-0621","volume":"13","author":"G Cultrone","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cultrone, G., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Sebastian, E., Cazalla, O. & de la Torre, M. Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing. Eur. J. Mineral. 13, 621\u2013634 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mineral."},{"key":"90759_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/33\/8\/305","volume":"33","author":"WF Zhang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang, W. F., He, Y. L., Zhang, M. S., Yin, Z. & Chen, Q. Raman scattering study on anatase TiO2 nanocrystals. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33, 912\u2013916 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"90759_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bersani, D. & Lottici. P., Raman spectroscopy of minerals and mineral pigments in archaeometry. J. Raman Spectrosc. 47, 499\u2013530 (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4914"},{"key":"90759_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36634","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA01114K","volume":"5","author":"I Krivtsov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krivtsov, I. et al. Exceptional thermal stability of undoped anatase TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by a solvent-exchange method. RSC Adv. 5, 36634\u201336641 (2015).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"90759_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaksch, H., Seipel, W., Weiner, K. & El Goresy, A., Egyptian Blue \u2013 Cuprorivaite. A window to ancient Egyptian technology. Naturwissenschaften 70, 525\u2013535 (1983).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00376668"},{"key":"90759_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pt\u00e1\u010dek, P., Apatites and their synthetic analogues. Synthesis, structure, properties and applications, 25\u201333 (IntechOpen, 2016).","DOI":"10.5772\/59882"},{"key":"90759_CR72","first-page":"751","volume":"9","author":"S Xi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xi, S. et al. Micro-Raman study of thermal transformations of sulfide and oxysalt minerals based on the heat induced by laser. Minerals (Basel) 9, 751\u2013766 (2019).","journal-title":"Minerals (Basel)"},{"key":"90759_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5218","volume":"48","author":"N Montoya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montoya, N., Montagna, E., Lee, Y., Dom\u00e9nech-Carb\u00f3, M. & Dom\u00e9nech-Carb\u00f3, A. Raman spectroscopy characterization of 10-cash productions from the late Chinese emperors to the Republic. J. Raman Spectrosc. 48, 1337\u20131345 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"90759_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3406\/arsci.1997.953","volume":"21","author":"M Blet","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blet, M., Guineau, B. & Gratuze, B. Caract\u00e9risation de boules de bleu \u00e9gyptien: analyses par absorption visible et par activation avec des neutrons rapides de cyclotron. Revue Arch\u00e9om\u00e9t. 21, 121\u2013130 (1997).","journal-title":"Revue Arch\u00e9om\u00e9t."},{"key":"90759_CR75","unstructured":"Kakoulli, I., Egyptian blue in Greek painting between 2500 and 50 BC in From mine to microscope (eds. Shortland, A., Freestone, I. & Rehren, T.) 79\u201392 (Oxbow Books, 2009)."},{"key":"90759_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tite, M. & Hatton, G., The production technology of, and trade in, Egyptian blue pigment in the Roman world in Communities and connections (eds. C. Gosden, H. Hamerow, P. de Jersey & G. Lock) 75\u201392 (Oxford University Press, 2007).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199230341.003.0013"},{"key":"90759_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janeczek, J., Ciesielczuk, J., Dulski, M. & Krzykawski, T., Chemical composition and Raman spectroscopy of cornubite and its relation to cornwallite in Miedzianka, the Sudety Mts., Poland. Neues Jahrb. Miner. Abh. 193, 265\u2013274 (2016).","DOI":"10.1127\/njma\/2016\/0305"},{"key":"90759_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2003-0404","volume":"88","author":"W Martens","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martens, W., Frost, R., Kloprogge, T. & Williams, P. The basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornubite, cornwallite, and clinoclase: An infrared emission and Raman spectroscopic study. Am. Miner. 88, 501\u2013508 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. Miner."},{"key":"90759_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.880","volume":"33","author":"R Frost","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frost, R., Martens, W. & Williams, P. Raman spectroscopy of the phase-related basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornwallite, cornubite and clinoclase. J. Raman Spectrosc. 33, 475\u2013484 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"90759_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2008.11.009","volume":"73","author":"I Aliatis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aliatis, I. et al. Green pigments of the Pompeian artists\u2019 palette. Spectrochim. Acta Part A 73, 532\u2013538 (2009).","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A"},{"key":"90759_CR81","unstructured":"El Goresy, A., Polychromatic wall painting decorations in monuments of pharaonic Egypt: compositions, chronology and painting techniques in The wall paintings of Thera. Proceedings of the First International Symposium. Volume I (ed. Sherratt, S.) 49\u201370 (Thera Foundation, 2000)."},{"key":"90759_CR82","first-page":"459","volume":"54","author":"L Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, L. Thermal decomposition characterization of supergene potassium-jarosite and sodium-jarosite minerals from the northern Tibetan Plateau, China. Physicochem. Probl. Mi. 54, 459\u2013466 (2018).","journal-title":"Physicochem. Probl. Mi."},{"key":"90759_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2465\/minerj1953.3.181","volume":"3","author":"Y Taguchi","year":"1961","unstructured":"Taguchi, Y. On osarizawaite, a new mineral of the alunite group, from the Osarizawa mine, Japan. Mineral. J. 3, 181\u2013194 (1961).","journal-title":"Mineral. J."},{"key":"90759_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1039\/b008302j","volume":"126","author":"L Burgio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burgio, L., Clark, R. & Firth, S. Raman spectroscopy as a means for the identification of plattnerite (PbO2), of lead pigments and of their degradation products. Analyst 126, 222\u2013227 (2001).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"90759_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2016.080.144","volume":"81","author":"I Peretyazhko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peretyazhko, I., Savina, E. & Khromova, E. Minerals of the rh\u00f6nite-kuratite series in paralavas from a new combustion metamorphic complex in the Choir-Nyalga basin (Central Mongolia): composition, mineral assemblages and formation conditions. Mineral. Mag. 81, 949\u2013974 (2017).","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"90759_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(03)00289-8","volume":"323","author":"N Zotov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zotov, N. Structure of natural volcanic glasses: diffraction versus spectroscopic perspective. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 323, 1\u20136 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"90759_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4751","volume":"46","author":"D Di Genova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Genova, D. et al. Approximate chemical analysis of volcanic glasses using Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 46, 1235\u20131244 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"90759_CR88","unstructured":"Schiegl, S., Alt\u00e4gyptische Pigmente und Glasuren. Phasenbestand, chronologische Evolution, Zersetzungsmuster und deren Ursachen (PhD thesis, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, 1991)."},{"key":"90759_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3406\/arsci.1997.952","volume":"21","author":"F Delamare","year":"1997","unstructured":"Delamare, F. Sur les processus physiques intervenant lors de la synth\u00e8se du bleu \u00e9gyptien. Revue Arch\u00e9om. 21, 103\u2013119 (1997).","journal-title":"Revue Arch\u00e9om."},{"key":"90759_CR90","unstructured":"Delamare, F., De la composition du bleu \u00c9gyptien utilis\u00e9 en peinture murale gallo-romaine in La couleur dans la peinture et l\u2019\u00e9maillage de l\u2019\u00c9gypte ancienne (eds. Colinart, S. & Menu, M.) 177\u2013193 (Edipuglia, 1998)."},{"key":"90759_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2005.10.006","volume":"73","author":"E Kendrick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kendrick, E., Kirk, C. & Dann, S. Structure and colour properties in the Egyptian Blue family, M1-xM\u2019xCuSi4O10, as a function of M, M\u2019 where M, M\u2019 = Ca, Sr and Ba. Dyes Pigments 73, 13\u201318 (2007).","journal-title":"Dyes Pigments"},{"key":"90759_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson-McDaniel, D. & Salguero, T., Exfoliation of Egyptian blue and Han blue, two alkali earth copper silicate-based pigments. J. Vis. Exp. 86, e51686 (2014).","DOI":"10.3791\/51686-v"},{"key":"90759_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2006.01.004","volume":"33","author":"M Tite","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tite, M., Shortland, A., Maniatis, Y., Kavoussanaki, D. & Harris, S. The composition of the soda-rich and mixed alkali plant ashes used in the production of glass. J. Archaeol. Sci. 33, 1284\u20131292 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR94","unstructured":"Smedley, J., Jackson, C. & Welch, C., Unravelling glass compositions: glassmaking raw materials at Little Birches, Staffordshire in Annales du 15e congr\u00e8s de l\u2019association internationale pour l\u2019histoire du verre, 203\u2013207 (Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, 2001)."},{"key":"90759_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2007.09.005","volume":"35","author":"T Rehren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rehren, T. A review of factors affecting the composition of early Egyptian glasses and faience: alkali and alkali earth oxides. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 1345\u20131354 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"90759_CR96","unstructured":"Turner, W., Studies in ancient glasses and glassmaking processes. Part V. Raw materials and melting processes. J. Soc. Glass Technol. 40, 277\u2013300T (1956)."},{"key":"90759_CR97","unstructured":"Vandiver, P., Raw materials and fabrication methods used in the production of faience in Production technology of faience and related early vitreous materials (eds. Tite, M. & Shortland, A.) 37\u201355 (Oxford University School of Archaeology, 2008)."},{"key":"90759_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3583-1","volume":"397","author":"A Zoppi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zoppi, A. & Lofrumento, C. Metal oxalates in paints: A Raman investigation on the relative reactivities of different pigments to oxalic acid solutions. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 397, 841\u2013849 (2010).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"90759_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800255w","volume":"80","author":"K Castro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castro, K., Sarmiento, A., Mart\u00ednez-Arkarazo, I., Madariaga, J. & Fern\u00e1ndez, L. Green copper pigments biodegradation in cultural heritage: from malachite to moolooite, thermodynamic modelling, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman evidence. Anal. Chem. 80, 4103\u20134110 (2008).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"90759_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plinius Secundus, G., Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII. Volume V: Libri XXXI-XXXVII (ed. Mayhoff, K.), 377 (De Gruyter, 2002).","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110956306"},{"key":"90759_CR101","unstructured":"Brems, D. & Degryse, P., Western Mediterranean sands for ancient glass making in Glass making in the Greco-Roman world (ed. Degryse, P.) 27\u201349 (Leuven University Press, 2014)."},{"key":"90759_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2012.00710.x","volume":"55","author":"V Morra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morra, V. et al. Minero-petrographic study of cooking ware and Pompeian red ware (rosso Pompeiano) from Cuma (southern Italy). Archaeometry 55, 852\u2013879 (2013).","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"90759_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2006.00264.x","volume":"48","author":"A Silvestri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silvestri, A., Molin, G., Salviulo, G. & Schievenin, R. Sand for Roman glass production: an experimental and philological study on source of supply. Archaeometry 48, 415\u2013432 (2006).","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"90759_CR104","unstructured":"Vallotto, M. & Verit\u00e0, M., Glasses from Pompeii and Herculaneum and the sands of the rivers Belus and Volturno in Homo faber: Studies on nature, technology and science of the time of Pompeii (eds. Renn, J. & Castagnetti, G.) 63\u201373 (L'Erma Di Bretschneider, 2002)."},{"key":"90759_CR105","unstructured":"Brill, R., Chemical analysis of early glasses. Volume 2: Tables of analyses. 475 (Corning, 1999)."},{"key":"90759_CR106","unstructured":"Baumgarten, B., Folie, K. & Stedingk, K., Auf den Spuren der Knappen. Bergbau und Mineralien in S\u00fcdtirol, 46, 116\u2013150, 226\u2013236 & 238\u2013261 (Tappeiner Verlag, 1998)."},{"key":"90759_CR107","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), CARG project. https:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/en\/projects\/soil-and-territory\/carg-project-geologic-and-geothematic-cartography"},{"key":"90759_CR108","unstructured":"S\u00fcdtiroler Landesverwaltung, CARG browser. http:\/\/www.provinz.bz.it\/informatik-digitalisierung\/digitalisierung\/open-data\/maps-e-webgis-die-geobrowser.asp"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-90759-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-90759-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-90759-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T18:58:10Z","timestamp":1725130690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-90759-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["90759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-90759-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11296"}}