{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:06:31Z","timestamp":1780535191644,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the incidence and timing of the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of Danish women after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes (GDM) to estimate the optimum time for preventative actions in relation to metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this follow-up study, 435 women were included from a consecutive cohort with prior history of GDM. Data on dyslipidemia, hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders (CVD) were extracted from the electronic patient journal. Any antidiabetic, cardiovascular and cholesterol-lowering medicine was ascertained in the national prescription database. Similarly, any blood test taken was evaluated. We defined a patient having MetS if the criteria of the WHO based definition of diabetes or impaired glucose\u00a0regulation were met. Further, we added as alternative for glucose intolerance, a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)\u2009&gt;\u200944\u00a0mmol\/mol or the former level\u2009\u2265\u20096.5%. Further, dyslipidemia, lipid lowering medications, BMI\u2009&gt;\u200930\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> or antihypertensive treatment were used. For MetS outcome, diagnosis or medication for CVD was registered. All women were followed for median 5.7\u00a0years (range 0; 9). The incidence of MetS was 28%. Thirteen percent of these qualified already within one year after pregnancy for the diagnosis of MetS. Postpartum MetS was detected after a median of 3\u00a0years (range 0; 7\u00a0years); further, 36 (8%) had been diagnosed with manifest diabetes after pregnancy. The diagnosis of postpartum MetS was strongly associated with the prevalence of manifest diabetes. Six years after pregnancy the rate of metabolic syndrome was more than tripled (25 vs. 89%, no DM vs manifest DM, RR: 6.7; 95% CI 2.7\u201317, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). At 40\u00a0years the MetS rate nearly tripled if manifest DM was diagnosed (26 vs. 78%, no DM vs. manifest DM, RR: 3.3, 95% CI 1.8\u20136, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). We found that GDM and later on manifest DM in women increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. There seems to be a window of opportunity before the early thirties where it would be especially beneficial to begin preventive efforts in women with GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90832-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:20:36Z","timestamp":1622629236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Metabolic syndrome in women with previous gestational diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0948-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Festersen","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0674-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ervin","family":"Kallfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5888-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Dubietyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finn Friis","family":"Lauszus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"90832_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494817736943","volume":"45","author":"C Jeppesen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeppesen, C., Maindal, H. T., Kristensen, J. K., Ovesen, P. G. & Witte, D. R. National study of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among Danish women from 2004 to 2012. Scand. J. Public Health 45(8), 811\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494817736943 (2017).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"90832_CR2","unstructured":"Gestationel diabetes mellitus: Screening og diagnose. DSOG obstetrisk guideline 2014. http:\/\/gynobsguideline.dk\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/GDM-Sandbjerg-2014-godkendt-2014.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"90832_CR3","first-page":"e1","volume":"8","author":"C Archambault","year":"2014","unstructured":"Archambault, C., Arel, R. & Filion, K. B. Gestational diabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease: a scoping review. Open Med. 8(1), e1-9 (2014).","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"90832_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002488","volume":"15","author":"B Daly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daly, B. et al. Increased risk of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus, a target group in general practice for preventive interventions: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 15(1), e1002488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002488 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"90832_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0706","volume":"31","author":"BR Shah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shah, B. R., Retnakaran, R. & Booth, G. L. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in young women following gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 31(8), 1668\u20131669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc08-0706 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"90832_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1862","volume":"25","author":"C Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim, C., Newton, K. M. & Knopp, R. H. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Care 25(10), 1862\u20131868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1862 (2002).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"90832_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e025517","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025517","volume":"9","author":"C Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Diabetes & Women\u2019s Health (DWH) Study: An observational study of long-term health consequences of gestational diabetes, their determinants and underlying mechanisms in the USA and Denmark. BMJ Open 9(4), e025517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025517 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"90832_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.03.017","volume":"54","author":"M Albareda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Albareda, M. et al. Metabolic syndrome at follow-up in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus in index pregnancy. Metabolism 54(8), 1115\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.03.017 (2005).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"90832_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1620-4","volume":"53","author":"RK Simmons","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simmons, R. K. et al. The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. 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A double-cohort, long-term follow-up in a Danish population. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 302(5), 1271\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-020-05669-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"90832_CR15","unstructured":"WHO Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva; 1999. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/66040. Accessed 25 May 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"90832_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0621-z","volume":"52","author":"E Noctor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noctor, E. et al. ATLANTIC-DIP: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. 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