{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:37:51Z","timestamp":1778618271490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the role of chronic liver disease (CLD) in COVID-19. A total of 1439 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 from one large medical center in the United States from March 16, 2020 to April 23, 2020 were retrospectively identified. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between patients with and without CLD. Postmortem examination of liver in 8 critically ill COVID-19 patients was performed. There was no significant difference in the incidence of CLD between critical and non-critical groups (4.1% vs 2.9%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.259), or COVID-19 related liver injury between patients with and without CLD (65.7% vs 49.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.065). Postmortem examination of liver demonstrated mild liver injury associated central vein outflow obstruction and minimal to moderate portal lymphocytic infiltrate without evidence of CLD. Patients with CLD were not associated with a higher risk of liver injury or critical\/fatal outcomes. CLD was not a significant comorbid condition for COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91238-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T10:15:03Z","timestamp":1622715303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chronic liver disease not a significant comorbid condition for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingting","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigar Anjuman","family":"Khurram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasey","family":"Halsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Whae","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thi My Linh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hua","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harrison X.","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"91238_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update (accessed 12 November 2020). https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20201110-weekly-epi-update-13.pdf?sfvrsn=24435477_15&download=true (2020)."},{"key":"91238_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.006","volume":"73","author":"D Jothimani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jothimani, D., Venugopal, R., Abedin, M. F., Kaliamoorthy, I. & Rela, M. COVID-19 and liver. J. Hepatol. 73, 1231\u20131240 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"91238_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000547","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00547-2020","volume":"55","author":"W Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan, W. et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A nationwide analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 55, 2000547 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"91238_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091","volume":"368","author":"T Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, T. et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective study. BMJ 368, m1091 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"91238_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"W Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan, W. et al. China medical treatment expert group for Covid-19. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1708\u20131720 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"91238_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.044","volume":"73","author":"D Ji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ji, D. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study. J. Hepatol. 73, 451\u2013453 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"91238_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.064","volume":"159","author":"S Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, S. & Khan, A. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 among patients with preexisting liver disease in the United States: A multicenter research network study. Gastroenterology 159, 768\u2013771 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"91238_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30084-4","volume":"5","author":"MN Bangash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bangash, M. N., Patel, J. & Parekh, D. COVID-19 and the liver: Little cause for concern. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 529\u2013530 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"91238_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14465","volume":"40","author":"A Mantovani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mantovani, A., Beatrice, G. & Dalbeni, A. Coronavirus disease 2019 and prevalence of chronic liver disease: A meta-analysis. Liver Int. 40, 1316\u20131320 (2020).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"91238_CR10","first-page":"50","volume":"5","author":"MT Noor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noor, M. T. & Manoria, P. Immune dysfunction in cirrhosis. J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol. 5, 50\u201358 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"91238_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.08.010","volume":"61","author":"A Albillos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Albillos, A., Lario, M. & \u00c1lvarez-Mon, M. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: Distinctive features and clinical relevance. J. Hepatol. 61, 1385\u20131396 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"91238_CR12","unstructured":"Sharma, A. & Nagalli, S. Chronic liver disease. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554597\/ (2020)."},{"key":"91238_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323, 1061\u20131069 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"91238_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.28.20028514","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Risk factors related to hepatic injury in patients with corona virus disease 2019. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.02.28.20028514 (2020).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"91238_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"361","author":"D Kruszon-Moran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kruszon-Moran, D., Paulose-Ram, R., Martin, C. B., Barker, L. K. & McQuillan, G. Prevalence and trends in hepatitis B virus infection in the United States, 2015\u20132018. NCHS Data Brief 361, 1\u20138 (2020).","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"91238_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v3.i5.108","volume":"3","author":"S Basra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Basra, S. & Anand, B. S. Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis. World J. Hepatol. 3, 108\u2013113 (2011).","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"91238_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.002","volume":"18","author":"Z Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan, Z. et al. Clinical features of COVID-19-related liver functional abnormality. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 1561\u20131566 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"91238_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10078-2","volume":"14","author":"AJ Kovalic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kovalic, A. J., Satapathy, S. K. & Thuluvath, P. J. Prevalence of chronic liver disease in patients with COVID-19 and their clinical outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. Int. 14, 612\u2013620 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"91238_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685","volume":"92","author":"G Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, G. et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J. Med. Virol. 92, 424\u2013432 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"91238_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05718.x","volume":"24","author":"K Weigand","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weigand, K. Percutaneous liver biopsy: Retrospective study over 15 years comparing 287 inpatients with 428 outpatients. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 24, 792\u2013799 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91238-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91238-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91238-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T09:07:50Z","timestamp":1670058470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91238-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["91238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91238-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11734"}}