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In complex clinical immune dysfunction like sepsis, which results from a loss of immune homeostasis due to microbial infection, a plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli may occur consecutively or simultaneously. Thus, any immunomodulatory therapy would require in-depth knowledge of an individual patient\u2019s immune status at a given time. Whereas lab-based immune profiling often relies solely on quantification of cell numbers, we used an ex vivo whole-blood infection model in combination with biomathematical modeling to quantify functional parameters of innate immune cells in blood from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. These patients experience a well-characterized inflammatory insult, which results in mitigation of the pathogen-specific response patterns towards\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    that are characteristic of healthy people and our patients at baseline. This not only interferes with the elimination of these pathogens from blood, but also selectively augments the escape of\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    from phagocytosis. In summary, our model could serve as a valuable functional immune assay for recording and evaluating innate responses to infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91362-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T06:07:47Z","timestamp":1623132467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ex vivo immune profiling in patient blood enables quantification of innate immune effector functions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Lehnert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Leonhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Timme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Thomas-R\u00fcddel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bloos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Sponholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kurzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc Thilo","family":"Figge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"H\u00fcnniger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"91362_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-3192","volume":"170","author":"PA Pizzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pizzo, P. 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