{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:38:38Z","timestamp":1790098718969,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Research and Researchers for Industries","award":["PHD58I0078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD58I0078"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005076","name":"Agricultural Research Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CRP5905021240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP5905021240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005076","name":"Agricultural Research Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CRP6205031210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP6205031210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The CHE-TRF Senior Research Fund","award":["RTA6280013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTA6280013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lactic acid bacteria (LAB)<jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>(strains 22F and 25F) and<jats:italic>Pediococcus acidilactici<\/jats:italic>(strain 72N) have appeared promising as replacements for antibiotics in in vitro\ufeff studies. Microencapsulation, especially by the spray-drying method, has been used to preserve their numbers and characteristics during storage and digestion. This study compared the efficacy of these strains and their microencapsulated form with antibiotic usage on growth performance, faecal microbial counts, and intestinal morphology in nursing-finishing pigs. A total of 240 healthy neonatal pigs were treated on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after cross-fostering. Sterile peptone water was delivered orally to the control and antibiotic groups. Spray-dried<jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>strain 22F stored for 6-months was administered to piglets in the spraydry group. Three ml of each the three fresh strains (10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CFU\/mL) were orally administered to piglets in each group. All pigs received the basal diets, but these were supplemented with routine antibiotic for the antibiotic group. Pigs in all the probiotic supplemented groups exhibited a better average daily gain and feed conversion ratio than those of the controls in the nursery and grower phases. Probiotic supplementation increased viable lactobacilli and decreased enterobacterial counts. Antibiotic additives reduced both enterobacterial and lactobacilli counts. Villous height and villous height:crypt depth ratio were greater in probiotic and antibiotic supplemented pigs comparing to the controls, especially in the jejunum. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using these strains as a substitute for antibiotics and the practicality of the microencapsulation protocol for use in swine farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91427-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T10:07:47Z","timestamp":1623146867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Use of Lactobacillus plantarum (strains 22F and 25F) and Pediococcus acidilactici (strain 72N) as replacements for antibiotic-growth promotants in pigs"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pawiya","family":"Pupa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasert","family":"Apiwatsiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wandee","family":"Sirichokchatchawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nopadon","family":"Pirarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanawong","family":"Maison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anantawat","family":"Koontanatechanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuvee","family":"Prapasarakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"91427_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960401.x","volume":"96","author":"FM Aarestrup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aarestrup, F. M. Veterinary drug usage and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 96, 271\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960401.x (2005).","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"91427_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1081\/ABIO-120005767","volume":"13","author":"GL Cromwell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cromwell, G. L. Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production. Anim. Biotechnol. 13, 7\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/ABIO-120005767 (2002).","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"91427_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005105","volume":"6","author":"JM Fairbrother","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fairbrother, J. M., Nadeau, E. & Gyles, C. L. Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs: An update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 6, 17\u201339 (2005).","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"91427_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1086\/340246","volume":"34","author":"SA McEwen","year":"2002","unstructured":"McEwen, S. A. & Fedorka-Cray, P. J. Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34(Suppl 3), S93-s106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/340246 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"91427_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg483","volume":"53","author":"I Phillips","year":"2004","unstructured":"Phillips, I. et al. Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53, 28\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkg483 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"91427_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2015-0239","volume":"61","author":"DB Holman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holman, D. B. & Chenier, M. R. Antimicrobial use in swine production and its effect on the swine gut microbiota and antimicrobial resistance. Can. J. Microbiol. 61, 785\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjm-2015-0239 (2015).","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"91427_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02220-08","volume":"75","author":"E Rettedal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rettedal, E. et al. Alteration of the ileal microbiota of weanling piglets by the growth-promoting antibiotic chlortetracycline. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 5489\u20135495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02220-08 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"91427_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg313","volume":"52","author":"M Casewell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Casewell, M., Friis, C., Marco, E., McMullin, P. & Phillips, I. The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52, 159\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkg313 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"91427_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x","volume":"97","author":"JM Heo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heo, J. M. et al. Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: A review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 97, 207\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x (2013).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"91427_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4148\/2378-5977.7067","author":"J Jacela","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jacela, J. et al. Feed additives for swine: Fact sheets\u2014prebiotics and probiotics, and phytogenics. J. Swine Health Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4148\/2378-5977.7067 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"91427_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/2998-VETMED","author":"H Vondruskova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vondruskova, H., Slamova, R., Trckova, M., Zraly, Z. & Pavlik, I. Alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of diarrhoea in weaned piglets: A review. Vet. Med-Czech https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17221\/2998-VETMED (2009).","journal-title":"Vet. Med-Czech"},{"key":"91427_CR12","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food: report of a joint FAO\/WHO working group on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\/World Health Organization, London, Ontario. www.who.int\/foodsafety\/fs_management\/en\/probiotic_guidelines.pdf (2002)."},{"key":"91427_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","volume":"61","author":"M Bermudez-Brito","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bermudez-Brito, M., Plaza-D\u00edaz, J., Mu\u00f1oz-Quezada, S., G\u00f3mez-Llorente, C. & Gil, A. Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 61, 160\u2013174 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"91427_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-8901.1000101","volume":"1","author":"VK Gogineni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gogineni, V. K., Morrow, L. E. & Malesker, M. A. Probiotics: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. J. Prob. Health 1, 2 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Prob. Health"},{"key":"91427_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kechagia, M. et al. Health benefits of probiotics: A review. ISRN Nutr. 2013, 481651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5402\/2013\/481651 (2013).","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/481651"},{"key":"91427_CR16","first-page":"313","volume":"8","author":"HH Musa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Musa, H. H., Wu, S. L., Zhu, C. H., Seri, H. & Zhu, G. Q. The potential benefits of probiotics in animal production and health. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8, 313\u2013321 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"91427_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4010034","volume":"4","author":"F Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, F., Hou, C., Zeng, X. & Qiao, S. The use of lactic acid bacteria as a probiotic in swine diets. Pathogens 4, 34\u201345 (2015).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"91427_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2841","volume":"47","author":"W Sirichokchatchawan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sirichokchatchawan, W., Tanasupawat, S., Niyomtham, W. & Prapasarakul, N. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria from fecal samples of indigenous and commercial pigs. Thai. J. Vet. Med. 47, 329\u2013338 (2017).","journal-title":"Thai. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"91427_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.031","volume":"119","author":"W Sirichokchatchawan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sirichokchatchawan, W. et al. Autochthonous lactic acid bacteria isolated from pig faeces in Thailand show probiotic properties and antibacterial activity against enteric pathogenic bacteria. Microb. Pathog. 119, 208\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.031 (2018).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"91427_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9281-y","volume":"10","author":"W Sirichokchatchawan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sirichokchatchawan, W., Temeeyasen, G., Nilubol, D. & Prapasarakul, N. Protective effects of cell-free supernatant and live lactic acid bacteria isolated from Thai pigs against a pandemic strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 10, 383\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-017-9281-y (2018).","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"91427_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.06.117","volume":"134","author":"CFM de Lange","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Lange, C. F. M., Pluske, J., Gong, J. & Nyachoti, C. M. Strategic use of feed ingredients and feed additives to stimulate gut health and development in young pigs. Livest. Sci. 134, 124\u2013134 (2010).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2009.11.008","volume":"20","author":"P de Vos","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Vos, P., Faas, M. M., Spasojevic, M. & Sikkema, J. Encapsulation for preservation of functionality and targeted delivery of bioactive food components. Int. Dairy J. 20, 292\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idairyj.2009.11.008 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"91427_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-6946(02)00155-3","volume":"13","author":"W Krasaekoopt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krasaekoopt, W., Bhandari, B. & Deeth, H. Evaluation of encapsulation techniques of probiotics for yoghurt. Int. Dairy J. 13, 3\u201313 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"91427_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2013.01.002","volume":"5","author":"RR Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, R. R., Vendramini, A. L. D. A., Santos, A. C. D., Leite, S. G. F. & Miguel, M. A. L. Development of probiotic beads similar to fish eggs. J. Funct. Food 5, 968\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2013.01.002 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Food"},{"key":"91427_CR25","first-page":"39","volume":"3","author":"K Kailasapathy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kailasapathy, K. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria: Technology and potential applications. Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol. 3, 39\u201348 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol."},{"key":"91427_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2006.tb12395.x","volume":"71","author":"P Muthukumarasamy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Muthukumarasamy, P., Allan-Wojtas, P. & Holley, R. A. Stability of Lactobacillus reuteri in different types of microcapsules. J. Food Sci. 71, M20\u2013M24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2006.tb12395.x (2006).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.5718","volume":"7","author":"L Serna-Cock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Serna-Cock, L. & Vallejo-Castillo, V. Probiotic encapsulation. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 7, 4743\u20134753 (2013).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"91427_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2010.12.031","volume":"104","author":"J Burgain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgain, J., Gaiani, C., Linder, M. & Scher, J. Encapsulation of probiotic living cells: From laboratory scale to industrial applications. J. Food Eng. 104, 467\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2010.12.031 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"91427_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2003.10.005","volume":"15","author":"S Gouin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gouin, S. Microencapsulation: Industrial appraisal of existing technologies and trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 15, 330\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2003.10.005 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"91427_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.022","volume":"142","author":"M Ch\u00e1varri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1varri, M. et al. Microencapsulation of a probiotic and prebiotic in alginate-chitosan capsules improves survival in simulated gastro-intestinal conditions. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 142, 185\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.022 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"91427_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.06.003","volume":"162","author":"MT Cook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cook, M. T., Tzortzis, G., Charalampopoulos, D. & Khutoryanskiy, V. V. Microencapsulation of probiotics for gastrointestinal delivery. J. Control Release 162, 56\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.06.003 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"91427_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100040","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100040","volume":"9","author":"D Schokker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schokker, D. et al. Early-life environmental variation affects intestinal microbiota and immune development in new-born piglets. PLoS ONE 9, e100040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0100040 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"91427_CR33","first-page":"18579","volume":"23","author":"MC Collado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Collado, M. C., B\u00e4uerl, C. & P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez, G. Defining microbiota for developing new probiotics. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 23, 18579 (2012).","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"91427_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2017.1283824","volume":"71","author":"C Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Effects of Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, immune function and gut microbiota of suckling piglets. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 71, 120\u2013133 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"91427_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/66470\/2008","volume":"17","author":"HF Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu, H. F., Wang, A. N., Li, X. J. & Qiao, S. Y. Effect of viable Lactobacillus fermentum on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immunity of weaned pigs. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 17, 61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22358\/jafs\/66470\/2008 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.843608x","volume":"84","author":"D Taras","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taras, D., Vahjen, W., Macha, M. & Simon, O. Performance, diarrhea incidence, and occurrence of Escherichia coli virulence genes during long-term administration of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain to sows and piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 608\u2013617 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2009.11.007","volume":"109","author":"GR Ross","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ross, G. R., Gusils, C., Oliszewski, R., de Holgado, S. C. & Gonzalez, S. N. Effects of probiotic administration in swine. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 109, 545\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2009.11.007 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"91427_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.07.016","volume":"180","author":"T L\u00e4hteinen","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00e4hteinen, T. et al. Effect of a multispecies lactobacillus formulation as a feeding supplement on the performance and immune function of piglets. Livest. Sci. 180, 164\u2013171 (2015).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.10238","volume":"24","author":"HH Giang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giang, H. H., Viet, T. Q., Ogle, B. & Lindberg, J. E. Effects of supplementation of probiotics on the performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal microflora in growing-finishing pigs. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 24, 655\u2013661 (2011).","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2004.00637.x","volume":"51","author":"C Alexopoulos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alexopoulos, C. et al. Field evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis spores, on the health status and performance of sows and their litters. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 51, 306\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2004.00637.x (2004).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"91427_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.11.006","volume":"195","author":"R Dowarah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dowarah, R., Verma, A. K., Agarwal, N., Patel, B. H. M. & Singh, P. Effect of swine based probiotic on performance, diarrhoea scores, intestinal microbiota and gut health of grower-finisher crossbred pigs. Livest. Sci. 195, 74\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.11.006 (2017).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-015-0031-2","volume":"6","author":"JF Patience","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patience, J. F., Rossoni-Serao, M. C. & Gutierrez, N. A. A review of feed efficiency in swine: Biology and application. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 6, 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-015-0031-2 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"91427_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012213728917","volume":"80","author":"Y-H Chang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-H. et al. Selection of a potential probiotic Lactobacillus strain and subsequent in vivo studies. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 80, 193\u2013199 (2001).","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"91427_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2006.406","volume":"19","author":"Y Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Effects of dietary Enterococcus faecium SF68 on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and faecal noxious gas content in finishing pigs. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 19, 406 (2006).","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.12.015","volume":"138","author":"J Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi, J. et al. Evaluation of multi-microbe probiotics prepared by submerged liquid or solid substrate fermentation and antibiotics in weaning pigs. Livest. Sci. 138, 144\u2013151 (2011).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.007","volume":"3","author":"SF Liao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liao, S. F. & Nyachoti, M. Using probiotics to improve swine gut health and nutrient utilization. Anim. Nutr. 3, 331\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.007 (2017).","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"91427_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2009.08.005","volume":"300","author":"TA Oelschlaeger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oelschlaeger, T. A. Mechanisms of probiotic actions\u2014A review. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 300, 57\u201362 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"91427_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2017.1360254","volume":"29","author":"W Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, W. et al. Effects of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum and fructooligosaccharide on growth performance, blood immune parameters, and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. Food Agric. Immunol. 29, 84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540105.2017.1360254 (2018).","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"91427_CR49","first-page":"20","volume":"4","author":"TP Ivanovska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ivanovska, T. P., Smilkov, K., Zhivikj, Z., Tozi, L. P. & Mladenovska, K. Comparative evaluation of viability of encapsulated Lactobacillus casei using two different methods of microencapsulation. Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharm. Res. 4, 20\u201324 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharm. Res."},{"key":"91427_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v47i6.4","volume":"47","author":"ZC Dlamini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dlamini, Z. C., Langa, R. L. S., Aiyegoro, O. A. & Okoh, A. I. Effects of probiotics on growth performance, blood parameters, and antibody stimilation in piglets. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 47, 766\u2013775 (2017).","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole, P. W. & Cooney, J. C. Probiotic bacteria influence the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2008, 175285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2008\/175285 (2008).","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/175285"},{"key":"91427_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7845-5","volume":"100","author":"D Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, D. et al. Changes in the diversity and composition of gut microbiota of weaned piglets after oral administration of Lactobacillus or an antibiotic. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 100, 10081\u201310093 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"91427_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30482-X","volume":"40","author":"DJ Hampson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hampson, D. J. Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning. Res. Vet. Sci. 40, 32\u201340 (1986).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"91427_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005484","volume":"66","author":"JP Lalles","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lalles, J. P., Bosi, P., Smidt, H. & Stokes, C. R. Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 66, 260\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665107005484 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"91427_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/jf403288r","volume":"62","author":"H Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 favors intestinal development and alters the intestinal microbiota in formula-fed piglets. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 860\u2013866 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"91427_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-89","volume":"8","author":"C Suo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suo, C. et al. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ316 on pig growth and pork quality. BMC Vet. Res. 8, 1\u201312 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"91427_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.8.1437","volume":"138","author":"RH Siggers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siggers, R. H. et al. Early administration of probiotics alters bacterial colonization and limits diet-induced gut dysfunction and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs. J. Nutr. 138, 1437\u20131444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/138.8.1437 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"91427_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-6946(99)00024-2","volume":"8","author":"J Prasad","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prasad, J., Gill, H., Smart, J. & Gopal, P. K. Selection and characterisation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains for use as probiotics. Int. Dairy J. 8, 993\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0958-6946(99)00024-2 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"91427_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flores-Belmont, I. A., Palou, E., L\u00f3pez-Malo, A. & Jim\u00e9nez-Mungu\u00eda, M. T. Simple and double microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus with chitosan using spray drying. Int. J. Food Stud. 4, 188\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7455\/ijfs\/4.2.2015.a7 (2015).","DOI":"10.7455\/ijfs\/4.2.2015.a7"},{"key":"91427_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1515\/ats-2017-0007","volume":"50","author":"AE Obayelu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Obayelu, A. E., Ogunmola, O. O. & Sowande, O. K. Economic analysis and the determinants of pig production in Ogun State, Nigeria. Agric. Trop. Subtrop. 50, 61\u201370 (2017).","journal-title":"Agric. Trop. Subtrop."},{"key":"91427_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2008.07.014","volume":"75","author":"J Tang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tang, J., Zeng, Z.-G., Wang, H.-N. & Zou, L. An effective method for isolation of DNA from pig feces and comparison of five different methods. J. Microbiol. Methods 75, 432\u2013436 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91427-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91427-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91427-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T17:17:10Z","timestamp":1699118230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91427-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["91427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91427-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12028"}}