{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:11:03Z","timestamp":1793970663384,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2016M3C7A1947307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016M3C7A1947307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["NRF-2017M3A9F1027323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3A9F1027323"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of virtual reality (VR) in the treatment of psychiatric disorders is increasing, and cybersickness has emerged as an important obstacle to overcome. However, the clinical factors affecting cybersickness are still not well understood. In this study, we investigated clinical predictors and adaptation effect of cybersickness during VR application in highly stressed people. Eighty-three healthy adult participants with high stress level were recruited. At baseline, we conducted psychiatric, ophthalmologic, and otologic evaluations and extracted physiological parameters. We divided the participants into two groups according to the order of exposure to VR videos with different degrees of shaking and repetitively administered the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and the Fast Motion sickness Scale (FMS). There was no significant difference in changes in the SSQ or the FMS between groups. The 40\u201359\u00a0years age group showed a greater increase in FMS compared to the 19\u201339\u00a0years age group. Smoking was negatively associated with cybersickness, and a high Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule score was positively associated with cybersickness. In conclusion, changing the intensity of shaking in VR did not affect cybersickness. While smoking was a protective factor, more expression of affect was a risk factor for cybersickness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91573-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T06:16:45Z","timestamp":1623219405000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Clinical predictors of cybersickness in virtual reality (VR) among highly stressed people"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hyewon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Ho","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Ah","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D. K.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dowan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Jin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"91573_CR1","first-page":"3867","volume":"9","author":"L Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Application of virtual reality technology in clinical medicine. Am. J. Transl. Res. 9, 3867\u20133880 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"91573_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.11.009","volume":"3","author":"JNA Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silva, J. N. A., Southworth, M., Raptis, C. & Silva, J. Emerging applications of virtual reality in cardiovascular medicine. JACC. Basic Transl. Sci. 3, 420\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.11.009 (2018).","journal-title":"JACC. Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"91573_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.11.132","volume":"110","author":"T Mazur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazur, T., Mansour, T. R., Mugge, L. & Medhkour, A. Virtual reality-based simulators for cranial tumor surgery: A systematic review. World Neurosurg. 110, 414\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.11.132 (2018).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"91573_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.01.001","volume":"23","author":"J Diemer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diemer, J. et al. Acute anxiolytic effects of quetiapine during virtual reality exposure\u2014A double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients with specific phobia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. J. Eur. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol. 23, 1551\u20131560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.01.001 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. J. Eur. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"91573_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1181-2","volume":"17","author":"Y Shiban","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shiban, Y. et al. Diaphragmatic breathing during virtual reality exposure therapy for aviophobia: Functional coping strategy or avoidance behavior? A pilot study. BMC Psychiatry 17, 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-016-1181-2 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"91573_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000134","volume":"84","author":"GM Reger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reger, G. M. et al. Randomized controlled trial of prolonged exposure using imaginal exposure vs. virtual reality exposure in active duty soldiers with deployment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 84, 946\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ccp0000134 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"91573_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2011.0003","volume":"14","author":"RN McLay","year":"2011","unstructured":"McLay, R. N. et al. A randomized, controlled trial of virtual reality-graded exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in active duty service members with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 14, 223\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2011.0003 (2011).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"91573_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13121625","volume":"171","author":"BO Rothbaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rothbaum, B. O. et al. A randomized, double-blind evaluation of D-cycloserine or alprazolam combined with virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. Am. J. Psychiatry 171, 640\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13121625 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"91573_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.08.005","volume":"61","author":"DC Beidel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beidel, D. C. et al. Trauma management therapy with virtual-reality augmented exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. J. Anxiety Disord. 61, 64\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.08.005 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"91573_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.4747.2017","volume":"88","author":"AP Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson, A. P. et al. Relaxation with immersive natural scenes presented using virtual reality. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 88, 520\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/amhp.4747.2017 (2017).","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"91573_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.6849","volume":"6","author":"I Cikajlo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cikajlo, I., Cizman Staba, U., Vrhovac, S., Larkin, F. & Roddy, M. A cloud-based virtual reality app for a novel telemindfulness service: Rationale, design and feasibility evaluation. JMIR Res. Protoc. 6, e108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/resprot.6849 (2017).","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"91573_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3235","volume":"16","author":"A Gaggioli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gaggioli, A. et al. Experiential virtual scenarios with real-time monitoring (interreality) for the management of psychological stress: A block randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 16, e167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.3235 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"91573_CR13","first-page":"88","volume":"199","author":"K Gao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao, K., Boyd, C., Wiederhold, M. D. & Wiederhold, B. K. VR mobile solutions for chronic stress reduction in young adults. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 199, 88\u201393 (2014).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"91573_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1145\/333329.333344","volume":"32","author":"JJJ La Viola","year":"2000","unstructured":"La Viola, J. J. J. A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments. SIGCHI Bull. 32, 47\u201356 (2000).","journal-title":"SIGCHI Bull."},{"key":"91573_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1726108","volume":"36","author":"C Curry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Curry, C., Li, R., Peterson, N. & Stoffregen, T. A. Cybersickness in virtual reality head-mounted displays: Examining the influence of sex differences and vehicle control. Int. J. Hum. Comp. Interact. 36, 1161\u20131167 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comp. Interact."},{"key":"91573_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4846-7","volume":"235","author":"J Munafo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munafo, J., Diedrick, M. & Stoffregen, T. A. The virtual reality head-mounted display Oculus Rift induces motion sickness and is sexist in its effects. Exp. Brain Res. 235, 889\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-016-4846-7 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"91573_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566152","volume":"8","author":"SV Cobb","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cobb, S. V., Nichols, S., Ramsey, A. & Wilson, J. R. Virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects (VRISE). Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 8, 169\u2013186 (1999).","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"91573_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, S., Nesbitt, K. & Nalivaiko, E. A systematic review of cybersickness. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Interactive Entertainment, 1\u20139 (2014).","DOI":"10.1145\/2677758.2677780"},{"key":"91573_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00349.x","volume":"42","author":"YY Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim, Y. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, E. N., Ko, H. D. & Kim, H. T. Characteristic changes in the physiological components of cybersickness. Psychophysiology 42, 616\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00349.x (2005).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"91573_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.06.014","volume":"58","author":"MS Dennison","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dennison, M. S. & D\u2019Zmura, M. Cybersickness without the wobble: Experimental results speak against postural instability theory. Appl. Ergon. 58, 215\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.06.014 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"91573_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.07.020","volume":"209","author":"L Tychsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tychsen, L. & Foeller, P. Effects of immersive virtual reality headset viewing on young children: Visuomotor function, postural stability, and motion sickness. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 209, 151\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.07.020 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"91573_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818804382","volume":"61","author":"JM Mittelstadt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mittelstadt, J. M., Wacker, J. & Stelling, D. Emotional and cognitive modulation of cybersickness: The role of pain catastrophizing and body awareness. Hum. Factors 61, 322\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720818804382 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"91573_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12677","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12677","volume":"28","author":"E Altena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Altena, E. et al. How sleep problems contribute to simulator sickness: Preliminary results from a realistic driving scenario. J. Sleep Res. 28, e12677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12677 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"91573_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolasinski, E. M. Simulator Sickness in Virtual Environments. vol. 1027 (US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1995).","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA295861"},{"key":"91573_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158","volume":"10","author":"S Weech","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weech, S., Kenny, S. & Barnett-Cowan, M. Presence and cybersickness in virtual reality are negatively related: A review. Front. Psychol. 10, 158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"91573_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.12.001","volume":"40","author":"CL Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, C. L. A neuro-fuzzy warning system for combating cybersickness in the elderly caused by the virtual environment on a TFT-LCD. Appl. Ergon. 40, 316\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.12.001 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"91573_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02132","volume":"9","author":"N Duzmanska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duzmanska, N., Strojny, P. & Strojny, A. Can simulator sickness be avoided? A review on temporal aspects of simulator sickness. Front. Psychol. 9, 2132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02132 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"91573_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.12.004","volume":"203","author":"AM Gavgani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gavgani, A. M., Nesbitt, K. V., Blackmore, K. L. & Nalivaiko, E. Profiling subjective symptoms and autonomic changes associated with cybersickness. Autonom. Neurosci. Basic Clin. 203, 41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.12.004 (2017).","journal-title":"Autonom. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"91573_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.5.319","volume":"53","author":"SR Cole","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cole, S. R. Assessment of differential item functioning in the Perceived Stress Scale-10. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 53, 319\u2013320 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"91573_CR30","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan, D. V. et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J. Clin. Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20), 22\u201333 (1998) (quiz 34\u201357).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"91573_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. 5th edn (American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"91573_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spielberger, C. D. State-trait anxiety inventory. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology. (Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2010).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479216.corpsy0943"},{"key":"91573_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-199704000-00002","volume":"20","author":"JA Paice","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paice, J. A. & Cohen, F. L. Validity of a verbally administered numeric rating scale to measure cancer pain intensity. Cancer Nurs. 20, 88\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002820-199704000-00002 (1997).","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs."},{"key":"91573_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1348\/0144665031752934","volume":"43","author":"JR Crawford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crawford, J. R. & Henry, J. D. The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 43, 245\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/0144665031752934 (2004).","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"91573_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2190\/T8EM-C8YH-373N-1UWD","volume":"27","author":"AC Leon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Leon, A. C., Olfson, M., Portera, L., Farber, L. & Sheehan, D. V. Assessing psychiatric impairment in primary care with the Sheehan Disability Scale. Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 27, 93\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/T8EM-C8YH-373N-1UWD (1997).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"91573_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","volume":"20","author":"M Herdman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herdman, M. et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual. Life Res. 20, 1727\u20131736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x (2011).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"91573_CR37","unstructured":"Though Thechnology Ltd. ProComp Infinity Manual. https:\/\/thoughttechnology.com\/procomp-infiniti-system-w-biograph-infiniti-software-t7500m\/. Accessed 31 May 2021."},{"key":"91573_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S. & Lilienthal, M. G. Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. 3, 203\u2013220 (1993).","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"91573_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811403736","volume":"53","author":"B Keshavarz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keshavarz, B. & Hecht, H. Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Hum. Factors 53, 415\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720811403736 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"91573_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2310\/7070.2002.34575","volume":"31","author":"AI Mallinson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mallinson, A. I. & Longridge, N. S. Motion sickness and vestibular hypersensitivity. J. Otolaryngol. 31, 381\u2013385 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"91573_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000350185","volume":"91","author":"F Schm\u00e4l","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schm\u00e4l, F. Neuronal mechanisms and the treatment of motion sickness. Pharmacology 91, 229\u2013241 (2013).","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"91573_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2016.01.001","volume":"13","author":"B Allen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Allen, B., Hanley, T., Rokers, B. & Green, C. S. Visual 3D motion acuity predicts discomfort in 3D stereoscopic environments. Entertain. Comput. 13, 1\u20139 (2016).","journal-title":"Entertain. Comput."},{"key":"91573_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-007-0621-9","volume":"254","author":"VC Zingler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zingler, V. C. et al. The effect of nicotine on perceptual, ocular motor, postural, and vegetative functions at rest and in motion. J. Neurol. 254, 1689\u20131697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-007-0621-9 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"91573_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.09.009","volume":"160","author":"JF Golding","year":"2011","unstructured":"Golding, J. F., Prosyanikova, O., Flynn, M. & Gresty, M. A. The effect of smoking nicotine tobacco versus smoking deprivation on motion sickness. Autonom. Neurosci. Basic Clin. 160, 53\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.09.009 (2011).","journal-title":"Autonom. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"91573_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124203","volume":"10","author":"JQ Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, J. Q. et al. Differential gene expression profile in the rat caudal vestibular nucleus is associated with individual differences in motion sickness susceptibility. PLoS ONE 10, e0124203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0124203 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"91573_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(98)00408-x","volume":"250","author":"VG Aleksandrov","year":"1998","unstructured":"Aleksandrov, V. G., Bagaev, V. A. & Nozdrachev, A. D. Gastric related neurons in the rat medial vestibular nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 250, 66\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3940(98)00408-x (1998).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"91573_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00227260","volume":"108","author":"CD Balaban","year":"1996","unstructured":"Balaban, C. D. Vestibular nucleus projections to the parabrachial nucleus in rabbits: Implications for vestibular influences on the autonomic nervous system. Exp. Brain Res. 108, 367\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00227260 (1996).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"91573_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00228409","volume":"98","author":"CD Balaban","year":"1994","unstructured":"Balaban, C. D. & Beryozkin, G. Vestibular nucleus projections to nucleus tractus solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve: Potential substrates for vestibulo-autonomic interactions. Exp. Brain Res. 98, 200\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00228409 (1994).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"91573_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1359-z","volume":"188","author":"DM Miller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miller, D. M. et al. Responses of caudal vestibular nucleus neurons of conscious cats to rotations in vertical planes, before and after a bilateral vestibular neurectomy. Exp. Brain Res. 188, 175\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-008-1359-z (2008).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"98","key":"91573_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00970.2004","volume":"1985","author":"RL Mori","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mori, R. L., Cotter, L. A., Arendt, H. E., Olsheski, C. J. & Yates, B. J. Effects of bilateral vestibular nucleus lesions on cardiovascular regulation in conscious cats. J. Appl. Physiol. 1985(98), 526\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00970.2004 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"91573_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2018.0175","volume":"25","author":"GM Reger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reger, G. M. et al. Does virtual reality increase simulator sickness during exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder?. Telemed. J. E Health 25, 859\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2018.0175 (2019).","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E Health"},{"key":"91573_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.0082","volume":"21","author":"R Pot-Kolder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pot-Kolder, R., Veling, W., Counotte, J. & van der Gaag, M. Anxiety partially mediates cybersickness symptoms in immersive virtual reality environments. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 21, 187\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2017.0082 (2018).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"91573_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/s0887-6185(00)00041-4","volume":"15","author":"CD Balaban","year":"2001","unstructured":"Balaban, C. D. & Jacob, R. G. Background and history of the interface between anxiety and vertigo. J. Anxiety Disord. 15, 27\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0887-6185(00)00041-4 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"91573_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014825","volume":"135","author":"JE Carmona","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carmona, J. E., Holland, A. K. & Harrison, D. W. Extending the functional cerebral systems theory of emotion to the vestibular modality: A systematic and integrative approach. Psychol. Bull. 135, 286\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014825 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"91573_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.023","volume":"48","author":"CM Coelho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coelho, C. M. & Balaban, C. D. Visuo-vestibular contributions to anxiety and fear. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 48, 148\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.023 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"91573_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0548-y","volume":"265","author":"HP Kapfhammer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kapfhammer, H. P., Huppert, D., Grill, E., Fitz, W. & Brandt, T. Visual height intolerance and acrophobia: Clinical characteristics and comorbidity patterns. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 265, 375\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-014-0548-y (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"91573_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/wco.0000000000000286","volume":"29","author":"C Lopez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lopez, C. The vestibular system: Balancing more than just the body. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 29, 74\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wco.0000000000000286 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"91573_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00044","volume":"8","author":"FW Mast","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mast, F. W., Preuss, N., Hartmann, M. & Grabherr, L. Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes: The role of vestibular information beyond ocular reflexes and control of posture. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 8, 44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2014.00044 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"91573_CR59","first-page":"169","volume":"144","author":"S Bruck","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bruck, S. & Watters, P. Cybersickness and anxiety during simulated motion: Implications for VRET. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 144, 169\u2013173 (2009).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"91573_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23411","volume":"38","author":"R Riccelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riccelli, R. et al. Neuroticism modulates brain visuo-vestibular and anxiety systems during a virtual rollercoaster task. Hum. Brain Mapp. 38, 715\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.23411 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"91573_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-190653","volume":"28","author":"L Passamonti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Passamonti, L., Riccelli, R., Lacquaniti, F., Staab, J. P. & Indovina, I. Brain responses to virtual reality visual motion stimulation are affected by neurotic personality traits in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. J. Vestib. Res. 28, 369\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/VES-190653 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"91573_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caserman, P., Garcia-Agundez, A., G\u00e1mez Zerban, A. & G\u00f6bel, S. Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: systematic review and outlook. Virtual Reality https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00513-6 (2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00513-6"},{"key":"91573_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.08.043","volume":"151","author":"E Nalivaiko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nalivaiko, E., Davis, S. L., Blackmore, K. L., Vakulin, A. & Nesbitt, K. V. Cybersickness provoked by head-mounted display affects cutaneous vascular tone, heart rate and reaction time. Physiol. Behav. 151, 583\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.08.043 (2015).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"91573_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.04.007","volume":"191","author":"AM Gavgani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gavgani, A. M. et al. Cybersickness-related changes in brain hemodynamics: A pilot study comparing transcranial Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy assessments during a virtual ride on a roller coaster. Physiol. Behav. 191, 56\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.04.007 (2018).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91573-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91573-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91573-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T04:39:42Z","timestamp":1670042382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91573-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["91573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91573-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Author JK and DK were employed by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12139"}}