{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:00:35Z","timestamp":1772136035400,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The early identification of patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection in primary care is of outmost importance in the current pandemic. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of primary care patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We conducted a cross-sectional study between March 24 and May 7, 2020, involving consecutive patients undergoing RT-PCR testing in two community-based laboratories in Lyon (France) for a suspicion of COVID-19. We examined the association between symptoms and a positive test using univariable and multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for clustering within laboratories, and calculated the diagnostic performance of these symptoms. Of the 1561 patients tested, 1543 patients (99%) agreed to participate. Among them, 253 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 (16%). The three most frequently reported \u2018ear-nose-throat\u2019 and non-\u2018ear-nose-throat\u2019 symptoms in patients who tested positive were dry throat (42%), loss of smell (36%) and loss of taste (31%), respectively fever (58%), cough (52%) and headache (45%). In multivariable analyses, loss of taste (OR 3.8 [95% CI 3.3\u20134.4], p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), loss of smell (OR 3.0 [95% CI 1.9\u20134.8], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), muscle pain (OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.2\u20132.0], p\u2009=\u20090.001) and dry nose (OR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1\u20131.6], p\u2009=\u20090.01) were significantly associated with a positive result. In contrast, sore throat (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.4\u20130.8], p\u2009=\u20090.003), stuffy nose (OR\u00a00.6 [95% CI 0.6\u20130.7], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), diarrhea (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.5\u20130.6], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and dyspnea (OR 0.5 [95% CI 0.3\u20130.7], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were inversely associated with a positive test. The combination of loss of\u00a0taste\u00a0or smell had the highest diagnostic performance (OR 6.7 [95% CI 5.9\u20137.5], sensitivity 44.7% [95% CI 38.4\u201351.0], specificity 90.8% [95% CI 89.1\u201392.3]). No other combination of symptoms had a higher performance. Our data could contribute to the triage and early identification of new clusters of cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91685-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T06:02:37Z","timestamp":1623650557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cross sectional study of the clinical characteristics of French primary care patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Sebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Tudrej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Lourdaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Cuzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Floquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmar M.","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Maisonneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"91685_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678","volume":"92","author":"H Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu, H., Stratton, C. W. & Tang, Y.-W. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J. Med. Virol. 92, 401\u2013402 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"91685_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0757","volume":"323","author":"CI Paules","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paules, C. I., Marston, H. D. & Fauci, A. S. Coronavirus infections\u2014more than just the common cold. JAMA 323, 707\u2013708 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"91685_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report-51. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10. Accessed 27 May 2020."},{"key":"91685_CR4","first-page":"5589","volume":"369","author":"F Godlee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godlee, F. Covid-19: Testing. BMJ 369, 5589 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"91685_CR5","first-page":"25","volume":"1","author":"S Bernard Stoecklin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernard Stoecklin, S. et al. First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: Surveillance, investigations and control measures, January 2020. Euro Surveill. 1, 25 (2020).","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"91685_CR6","unstructured":"Coronavirus Update (Live): 143,273,914 Cases and 3,050,214 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic: Worldometer. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/. Accessed 20 April 2021."},{"key":"91685_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21866","DOI":"10.2196\/21866","volume":"6","author":"F Adorni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adorni, F. et al. Self-reported symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a nonhospitalized population in Italy: Cross-sectional study of the EPICOVID19 web-based survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 6, e21866 (2020).","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"91685_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.01.028","volume":"86","author":"C Trevisan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trevisan, C. et al. Age-related changes in clinical presentation of covid-19: The EPICOVID19 web-based survey. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 86, 41\u201347 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"91685_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246513","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246513","volume":"16","author":"G Pagani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pagani, G. et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in an area of unrestricted viral circulation: Mass seroepidemiological screening in Castiglione d\u2019Adda, Italy. PLoS ONE 16, e0246513 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"91685_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"W-J Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan, W.-J. et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1708\u20131720 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"91685_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25735","volume":"92","author":"P Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, P. et al. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A single arm meta-analysis. J. Med. Virol. 92, 612\u2013617 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"91685_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74988-9","volume":"10","author":"CKH Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong, C. K. H., Wong, J. Y. H., Tang, E. H. M., Au, C. H. & Wai, A. K. C. Clinical presentations, laboratory and radiological findings, and treatments for 11,028 COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 10, 19765 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"91685_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","volume":"382","author":"P Goyal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goyal, P. et al. Clinical characteristics of covid-19 in New York City. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 2372\u20132374 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"91685_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.09.033","volume":"81","author":"NJ Brendish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brendish, N. J. et al. Clinical characteristics, symptoms and outcomes of 1054 adults presenting to hospital with suspected COVID-19: A comparison of patients with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Infect. 81, 937\u2013943 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"91685_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2012270","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12270","volume":"3","author":"G Suleyman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suleyman, G. et al. Clinical characteristics and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in a series of patients in Metropolitan Detroit. JAMA Netw. Open. 3, e2012270 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"91685_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040570","volume":"10","author":"MA Callejon-Leblic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Callejon-Leblic, M. A. et al. Loss of smell and taste can accurately predict COVID-19 infection: A machine-learning approach. J. Clin. Med. 10, 570 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"91685_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E702","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200869","volume":"192","author":"A Carignan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carignan, A. et al. Anosmia and dysgeusia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: An age-matched case-control study. CMAJ 192, E702\u2013E707 (2020).","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"91685_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237960","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237960","volume":"15","author":"A Sis\u00f3-Almirall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sis\u00f3-Almirall, A. et al. Prognostic factors in Spanish COVID-19 patients: A case series from Barcelona. PLoS ONE 15, e0237960 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"91685_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05933-9","volume":"35","author":"B Tudrej","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tudrej, B. et al. Self-reported loss of smell and taste in SARS-CoV-2 patients: Primary care data to guide future early detection strategies. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 35, 2502\u20132504 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"91685_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmaa069","volume":"37","author":"DM Haller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haller, D. M., Sebo, P., Tudrej, B. & Maisonneuve, H. Is a COVID-19 prediction model based on symptom tracking through an app applicable in primary care?. Fam. Pract. 37, 866\u2013867 (2020).","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"issue":"71","key":"91685_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","volume":"28","author":"A Giacomelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giacomelli, A. et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28(71), 889\u2013890 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"91685_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","volume":"277","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechien, J. R. et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 277, 2251\u20132261 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"91685_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14937","volume":"59","author":"N Landa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landa, N., Mendieta-Eckert, M., Fonda-Pascual, P. & Aguirre, T. Chilblain-like lesions on feet and hands during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Dermatol. 59, 739\u2013743 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"91685_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323, 1061\u20131069 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"91685_CR25","first-page":"25","volume":"1","author":"S Pfefferle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pfefferle, S., Reucher, S., N\u00f6rz, D. & L\u00fctgehetmann, M. Evaluation of a quantitative RT-PCR assay for the detection of the emerging coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 using a high throughput system. Euro Surveill. 1, 25 (2020).","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"91685_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.23.20138081","author":"FE Leal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leal, F. E. et al. A primary care approach to the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical features and natural history of 2,073 suspected cases in the Corona Sao Caetano programme, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Primary Care Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.06.23.20138081 (2020).","journal-title":"Primary Care Res."},{"key":"91685_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, N. et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet 395, 507\u2013513 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"91685_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05762-w","volume":"35","author":"F Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang, F. et al. Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J. Gen. Intern. Med. 35, 1545\u20131549 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"91685_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395, 497\u2013506 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"91685_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13089","volume":"288","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechien, J. R. et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1,420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J. Intern. Med. 288, 335\u2013344 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"91685_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15197","volume":"157","author":"I Glezer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Glezer, I., Bruni-Cardoso, A., Schechtman, D., & Malnic, B. Viral infection and smell loss:\nThe case of COVID-19. J. Neurochem. 157, 930\u2013943 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91685-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91685-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91685-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T04:41:55Z","timestamp":1670042515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91685-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["91685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91685-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-34635\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12492"}}