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Birds exhibiting unstimulated winter phenotype (photosensitive state; responsive to photostimulation) under 6-h short days, and regressed summer phenotype (photorefractory state; unresponsiveness to photostimulation) under 16-h long days, were released into an extended light period up to 22\u00a0h of the day. Increased <jats:italic>tsh\u03b2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>dio2<\/jats:italic>, and decreased <jats:italic>dio3<\/jats:italic> mRNA levels in hypothalamus, and low <jats:italic>prdx4<\/jats:italic> and high <jats:italic>il1\u03b2<\/jats:italic> mRNA levels in blood confirmed photoperiodic induction by hour 18 in photosensitive birds. Further, at hours 10, 14, 18 and 22 of light exposure, the comparison of hypothalamus RNA-Seq results revealed transcriptional differences within and between states. Particularly, we found reduced expression at hour 14 of <jats:italic>transthyretin<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>proopiomelanocortin receptor<\/jats:italic>, and increased expression at hour 18 of <jats:italic>apolipoprotein A1<\/jats:italic> and carbon metabolism related genes in the photosensitive state. Similarly, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway genes and <jats:italic>superoxide dismutase 1<\/jats:italic> were upregulated, and <jats:italic>cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>gastrin-releasing peptide<\/jats:italic> were downregulated in the photosensitive state. These results show life-history-dependent activation of hypothalamic molecular pathways involved in initiation and maintenance of key biological processes as early as on the first long day.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91951-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T10:03:09Z","timestamp":1623924189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Photoperiodically driven transcriptome-wide changes in the hypothalamus reveal transcriptional differences between physiologically contrasting seasonal life-history states in migratory songbirds"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aakansha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhajit","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayantan","family":"Sur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khushboo","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalie","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"91951_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1086\/652243","volume":"83","author":"V Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar, V. et al. 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