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A total of 1,339,969 postmenopausal women in a retrospective cohort of Korean National Health Insurance Service data on ages 40 and above in 2009 was included. Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted to assess the hazard ratio (HR) for pterygium according to reproductive factors. Late menarche, early menopause, short reproductive period, increasing parity (\u2265\u20092 children), breastfeeding (\u2265\u20096\u00a0months), and no use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptive (OC) were significantly associated with risk of pterygium. In multivariate analysis, the HR for pterygium was 1.764 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.529\u20132.035) for menarche age\u2009\u2265\u200917\u00a0years (reference: menarche age\u2009&lt;\u200912\u00a0years). The HR of menopause age\u2009\u2265\u200955\u00a0years was 0.782 (95% CI, 0.724\u20130.845) (reference: menopause age\u2009&lt;\u200940\u00a0years). The HR of parity\u2009\u2265\u20092 was 1.261 (95% CI, 1.148\u20131.385) (reference: nulliparity). The HR of breastfeeding\u2009\u2265\u20091\u00a0year was 1.663 (95% CI, 1.564\u20131.768) (reference: no breastfeeding). The HRs of HRT and OC use for any length of time were lower than those for the non-user groups (reference). Reproductive factors that increase estrogen exposure have protective effects against pterygium in females.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91968-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:03:10Z","timestamp":1623664990000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reproductive risk factors of pterygium in postmenopausal women: a nationwide study in the Republic of Korea"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eunhae","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Hui","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae-Young","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyule","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keun Hye","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyungdo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Wook","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"91968_CR1","first-page":"1625","volume-title":"Cornea: Fundamentals, Diagnosis and Management","author":"H Krachmer Jay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krachmer Jay H., Mannis Mark J, H. 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