{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T11:07:15Z","timestamp":1787483235191,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Euglena gracilis<\/jats:italic> is widely utilized as food or supplement to promote human and animal health, as it contains rich nutrients. In this study, we administered spray-dried powder of <jats:italic>E. gracilis<\/jats:italic> and paramylon, \u03b2-glucan stored in <jats:italic>E. gracilis<\/jats:italic> cells, to <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> knockout (KO) mice. <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO mice are a mutant mouse model that spontaneously develops gastric cancer through hyperplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in the antrum of the stomach, and we observed the effects of <jats:italic>E. gracilis<\/jats:italic> and paramylon on the early involvements of <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO mice. Male and female 10-week-old <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO mice and their age-matched wildtype C57BL\/6J mice were orally administered with 50\u00a0mg of <jats:italic>E. gracilis<\/jats:italic> or paramylon suspended in saline or saline as a control. After 3-week administration, animals were euthanatized and the stomach was examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Gene expression patterns of the stomach, which have been reported to be altered with <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO, and IgA concentration in small intestine were also analyzed with real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Administration of <jats:italic>Euglena<\/jats:italic> significantly reduced the number of stimulated CD3-positive T-lymphocytes in pyloric mucosa of <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO mice and tend to reduce polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltration. <jats:italic>Euglena<\/jats:italic> administration further downregulated the expression of <jats:italic>Il11<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cxcl1<\/jats:italic> of <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO mice. <jats:italic>Euglena<\/jats:italic> administration also affected IgA concentration in small intestinal contents of <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO mice. Paramylon administration reduced the number of CD3-positive lymphocytes in pyloric mucosa of <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO mice, and downregulated the expressions of <jats:italic>Il11<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ccl2<\/jats:italic> of <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> KO mice. Although we found no significant effects on gross and microscopic signs of gastric dysplasia and cell proliferation, the present study suggests that the administration of <jats:italic>Euglena<\/jats:italic> and paramylon may ameliorate the early involvements of <jats:italic>A4gnt<\/jats:italic> mice through the effects on inflammatory reactions in the gastric mucosa. The cancer-preventing effects should be studied with long-term experiments until actual gastric cancer formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92013-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T10:05:24Z","timestamp":1625133924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of orally administered Euglena gracilis and its reserve polysaccharide, paramylon, on gastric dysplasia in A4gnt knockout mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Masataka","family":"Iida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Joseph","family":"Desamero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Ken","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryohei","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Hachimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kyuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kozue","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kakuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"92013_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/10408699991279169","volume":"39","author":"ILSI","year":"1999","unstructured":"ILSI. 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The other authors (M.I., M.J.D., J.K.C., K.U., R.O., S.H., J.N., S.Ky., K.M., S.Ka. and K.H.) declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13640"}}