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Our studies demonstrated that<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>developed mechanisms to evade of the host immune response, such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) induction, and these mediators can be produced\/stored in lipid droplets (LDs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of COX-2 and LDs during<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>infection in human trophoblast cells and villous explants. Our data demonstrated that COX-2 inhibitors decreased<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>replication in trophoblast cells and villous. In BeWo cells, the COX-2 inhibitors induced an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and MIF), and a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). In HTR-8\/SVneo cells, the COX-2 inhibitors induced an increase of IL-6 and nitrite and decreased IL-4 and TGF-\u03b21. In villous explants, the COX-2 inhibitors increased MIF and decreased TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10. Furthermore,<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>induced an increase in LDs in BeWo and HTR-8\/SVneo, but COX-2 inhibitors reduced LDs in both cells type. We highlighted that COX-2 is a key factor to<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>proliferation in human trophoblast cells, since its inhibition induced a pro-inflammatory response capable of controlling parasitism and leading to a decrease in the availability of LDs, which are essentials for parasite growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92120-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T10:03:04Z","timestamp":1623837784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 modulates Toxoplasma gondii infection, immune response and lipid droplets formation in human trophoblast cells and villous explants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Guilherme","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Jos\u00e9","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iliana Claudia Balga","family":"Mili\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Monteiro","family":"Rosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e1dia Evelyn","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Cota","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio C\u00e9zar","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila Silva","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio Vieira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neide Maria","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloisa Am\u00e1lia Vieira","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bellisa Freitas","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"92120_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","volume":"363","author":"JG Montoya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Montoya, J. 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