{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:49:30Z","timestamp":1792784970941,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"No funding was received for this research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study analyzes the relationship between contrast-sensitivity and higher-order aberrations (HOA) in mild and subclinical-keratoconus in subjects with good visual-acuity (VA). Keratoconus group (including subclinical-keratoconus) and controls underwent autokeratometry, corneal-tomography, autorefraction and HOA measurement. Contrast-sensitivity was tested using a psychophysical two-alternative forced-choice Gabor patches in three blocks (6, 9, 12 cycles\/deg). Controls were compared to the keratoconus group and to a keratoconus subgroup with VA of 0.00 LogMar group (\"keratoconus-0.00VA\"). Spearman correlation tested association between HOA and contrast-sensitivity. Twenty-two keratoconus subjects (38 eyes: 28 keratoconus, 10 subclinical-keratoconus, 20 keratoconus-0.00VA) and 35 controls were included. There was a significant difference between control and keratoconus, and between control and keratoconus-0.00VA, for keratometry, cylinder, thinnest and central corneal thickness (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Controls showed lower HOA and higher contrast-sensitivity for all spatial-frequencies (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Most HOA were negatively correlated with contrast-sensitivity for all spatial-frequencies for keratoconus group and for 9 and 12 cycles\/deg for keratoconus-0.00VA. Keratoconus subjects with good VA showed reduction in contrast-sensitivity and increased HOAs compared to controls. HOA and contrast-sensitivity are inversely correlated in subjects with mild keratoconus despite good VA. This suggests that the main mechanism underlying the decreased vision quality in keratoconus is the increase of HOA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92396-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T06:03:10Z","timestamp":1624255390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Contrast sensitivity and higher-order aberrations in Keratoconus subjects"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Einat","family":"Shneor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravid","family":"Doron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"92396_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795738","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/795738","volume":"2015","author":"A Gordon-Shaag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gordon-Shaag, A., Millodot, M., Shneor, E. & Liu, Y. The genetic and environmental factors for keratoconus. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 795738 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"92396_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7","volume":"42","author":"YS Rabinowitz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rabinowitz, Y. S. The genetic and environmental factors for keratoconus. Surv. Ophthalmol. 42(4), 297\u2013319 (1998).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"6","key":"92396_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20060601-05","volume":"22","author":"JL Ali\u00f3","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ali\u00f3, J. L. & Shabayek, M. H. Corneal higher order aberrations: a method to grade keratoconus. J. Refract. Surg. 22(6), 539\u2013545 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"issue":"12","key":"92396_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000623","volume":"34","author":"JA Gomes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomes, J. A., Rapuano, C. J., Belin, M. W. & Ambr\u00f3sio, R. Jr. Global consensus on keratoconus diagnosis. Cornea 34(12), e38\u2013e39 (2015).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"3","key":"92396_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002170","volume":"39","author":"H Kandel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kandel, H., Pesudovs, K. & Watson, S. L. Measurement of quality of life in keratoconus. Cornea 39(3), 386\u2013393 (2020).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"4","key":"92396_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.04.031","volume":"138","author":"SM Kymes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kymes, S. M., Walline, J. J., Zadnik, K. & Gordon, M. O. Quality of life in keratoconus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 138(4), 527\u2013535 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"92396_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001899","volume":"38","author":"JC Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan, J. C. et al. Vision-related quality of life in keratoconus: a save sight keratoconus registry study. Cornea 38(5), 600\u2013604 (2019).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"92396_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694542","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/694542","volume":"2014","author":"S Aydin Kurna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aydin Kurna, S., Altun, A., Gencaga, T., Akkaya, S. & Sengor, T. Vision related quality of life in patients with keratoconus. J Ophthalmol 2014, 694542 (2014).","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"92396_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(03)00003-8","volume":"16","author":"C Owsley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Owsley, C. Contrast sensitivity. Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am. 16(2), 171\u2013177 (2003).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"9","key":"92396_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00038-X","volume":"42","author":"RJ Adams","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adams, R. J. & Courage, M. L. Using a single test to measure human contrast sensitivity from early childhood to maturity. Vis. Res. 42(9), 1205\u20131210 (2002).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"92396_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008574","volume":"197","author":"FW Campbell","year":"1968","unstructured":"Campbell, F. W. & Robson, J. G. Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. J. Physiol. 197(3), 551\u2013566 (1968).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"92396_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.04.015","volume":"90","author":"DG Pelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pelli, D. G. & Bex, P. Measuring contrast sensitivity. Vis. Res. 90, 10\u201314 (2013).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"92396_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198709000-00008","volume":"64","author":"K Zadnik","year":"1987","unstructured":"Zadnik, K., Mannis, M. J., Johnson, C. A. & Rich, D. Rapid contrast sensitivity assessment in keratoconus. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 64(9), 693\u2013697 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt."},{"issue":"5","key":"92396_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.027029","volume":"88","author":"K Pesudovs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pesudovs, K., Schoneveld, P., Seto, R. & Coster, D. J. Contrast and glare testing in keratoconus and after penetrating keratoplasty. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 88(5), 653\u2013657 (2004).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"9","key":"92396_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.9.1031","volume":"84","author":"K Rose","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rose, K. et al. Quality of life in myopia. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 84(9), 1031\u20131034 (2000).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"92396_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0584-2","volume":"17","author":"EA Awad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Awad, E. A., Abou Samra, W. A., Torky, M. A. & El-Kannishy, A. M. Objective and subjective diagnostic parameters in the fellow eye of unilateral keratoconus. BMC ophthalmol. 17(1), 186 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"92396_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2011.07.001","volume":"35","author":"A Jinabhai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jinabhai, A., O\u2019Donnell, C., Radhakrishnan, H. & Nourrit, V. Forward light scatter and contrast sensitivity in keratoconic patients. Cont. Lens. Anterior Eye 35(1), 22\u201327 (2012).","journal-title":"Cont. Lens. Anterior Eye"},{"key":"92396_CR18","first-page":"339","volume":"5","author":"S L\u012bduma","year":"2017","unstructured":"L\u012bduma, S. & Kr\u016b\u0146mi\u0146a, G. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity depending from keratoconus apex position. Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci. 5, 339\u2013346 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"92396_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030040260012","volume":"100","author":"LG Carney","year":"1982","unstructured":"Carney, L. G. Visual loss in keratoconus. Arch. Ophthalmol. 100(8), 1282\u20131285 (1982).","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"92396_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20000901-04","volume":"16","author":"RA Applegate","year":"2000","unstructured":"Applegate, R. A. et al. Corneal first surface optical aberrations and visual performance. J. Refract. Surg. 16(5), 507\u2013514 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"issue":"11","key":"92396_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01279-4","volume":"109","author":"N Maeda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maeda, N. et al. Wavefront aberrations measured with Hartmann-Shack sensor in patients with keratoconus. Ophthalmology 109(11), 1996\u20132003 (2002).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"92396_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20020501-09","volume":"18","author":"S Barbero","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barbero, S., Marcos, S., Merayo-Lloves, J. & Moreno-Barriuso, E. Validation of the estimation of corneal aberrations from videokeratography in keratoconus. J. Refract. Surg. 18, 263\u2013270 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"92396_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318249d727","volume":"89","author":"A Gordon-Shaag","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gordon-Shaag, A., Millodot, M., Ifrah, R. & Shneor, E. Aberrations and topography in normal, keratoconus-suspect, and keratoconic eyes. Optom. Vis. Sci. 89(4), 411\u2013418 (2012).","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"92396_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20071001-06","volume":"23","author":"B Jafri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jafri, B., Li, X., Yang, H. & Rabinowitz, Y. S. Higher order wavefront aberrations and topography in early and suspected keratoconus. J. Refract. Surg. 23(8), 774\u2013781 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"92396_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S951","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20090915-10","volume":"25","author":"Z Schlegel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schlegel, Z., Lteif, Y., Bains, H. S. & Gatinel, D. Total, corneal, and internal ocular optical aberrations in patients with keratoconus. J. Refract. Surg. 25(10), S951\u2013S957 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"issue":"8","key":"92396_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20071001-13","volume":"23","author":"L Lim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lim, L., Wei, R. H., Chan, W. K. & Tan, D. T. Evaluation of higher order ocular aberrations in patients with keratoconus. J. Refract. Surg. 23(8), 825\u2013828 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"issue":"12","key":"92396_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702902","volume":"22","author":"C Okamoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Okamoto, C., Okamoto, F., Samejima, T., Miyata, K. & Oshika, T. Higher-order wavefront aberration and letter-contrast sensitivity in keratoconus. Eye 22(12), 1488\u20131492 (2008).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"8","key":"92396_CR28","first-page":"1127","volume":"9","author":"NB Bilen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bilen, N. B., Hepsen, I. F. & Arce, C. G. Correlation between visual function and refractive, topographic, pachymetric and aberrometric data in eyes with keratoconus. Int. J. Ophthalmol. 9(8), 1127 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"92396_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.332","volume":"129","author":"K Lahav","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lahav, K., Levkovitch-Verbin, H., Belkin, M., Glovinsky, Y. & Polat, U. Reduced mesopic and photopic foveal contrast sensitivity in glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(1), 16\u201322 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"92396_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-198002010-00007","volume":"20","author":"I Bodis-Wollner","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bodis-Wollner, I. Detection of visual defects using the contrast sensitivity function. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 20(1), 135\u2013153 (1980).","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"92396_CR31","unstructured":"Proenza, L. M., Clinical applications of visual psychophysics: proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the committee on vision of the national research council in conjunction with the second study group on human vision: ([on] Applications of Psychophysics to Clinical Problems, San Francisco, Oct. 30, 1978), Cambridge University Press, 70\u2013106. (1981)."},{"issue":"2","key":"92396_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(89)80002-1","volume":"15","author":"LF Jindra","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jindra, L. F. & Zemon, V. Contrast sensitivity testing: a more complete assessment of vision. J. Cataract. Refract. Surg. 15(2), 141\u2013148 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"92396_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00380-9","volume":"129","author":"N Maeda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maeda, N. et al. Prediction of letter contrast sensitivity using videokeratographic indices. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 759\u2013763 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"92396_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S554","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20000901-12","volume":"16","author":"D Williams","year":"2000","unstructured":"Williams, D. et al. Visual benefit of correcting higher order aberrations of the eye. J. Refract. Surg. 16(5), S554\u2013S559 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"92396_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/9.5.6","volume":"9","author":"R Sabesan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sabesan, R. & Yoon, G. Visual performance after correcting higher order aberrations in keratoconic eyes. J. Vis. 9(5), 6\u20136 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"issue":"8","key":"92396_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/7.8.14","volume":"7","author":"EA Rossi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rossi, E. A., Weiser, P., Tarrant, J. & Roorda, A. Visual performance in emmetropia and low myopia after correction of high-order aberrations. J. Vis. 7(8), 14\u201314 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"issue":"1390","key":"92396_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0266","volume":"265","author":"M Mon-Williams","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mon-Williams, M., Tresilian, J. R., Strang, N. C., Kochhar, P. & Wann, J. P. Improving vision: neural compensation for optical defocus. Proc. Biol. Sci. 265(1390), 71\u201377 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"92396_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200407000-00016","volume":"81","author":"S George","year":"2004","unstructured":"George, S. & Rosenfield, M. Blur adaptation and myopia. Optom. Vis. Sci. 81(7), 543\u2013547 (2004).","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"92396_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4558","volume":"51","author":"R Sabesan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sabesan, R. & Yoon, G. Neural compensation for long-term asymmetric optical blur to improve visual performance in keratoconic eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51(7), 3835\u20133839 (2010).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"26","key":"92396_CR40","first-page":"429","volume":"93","author":"D Gabor","year":"1946","unstructured":"Gabor, D. Theory of communication. Part 1: The analysis of information. J. Inst. Electr. Eng. Radio Commun. Eng. 93(26), 429\u2013441 (1946).","journal-title":"J. Inst. Electr. Eng. Radio Commun. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"92396_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(84)90065-8","volume":"24","author":"JG Daugman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Daugman, J. G. Spatial visual channels in the Fourier plane. Vis. Res. 24(9), 891\u2013910 (1984).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"92396_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monaco, W. A., Higgins, K. E., Kalb, J. T. Central and off-axis spatial contrast sensitivity measured with gabor patches. Army Res Lab Aberdeeb Proving Ground, MD 21005\u20135425 (2010).","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA532054"},{"issue":"1","key":"92396_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156856893X00018","volume":"7","author":"E Peli","year":"1993","unstructured":"Peli, E., Arend, L. E., Young, G. M. & Goldstein, R. B. Contrast sensitivity to patch stimuli: effects of spatial bandwidth and temporal presentation. Spat. Vis. 7(1), 1\u201314 (1993).","journal-title":"Spat. Vis."},{"issue":"3","key":"92396_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.020","volume":"111","author":"X Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li, X., Rabinowitz, Y. S., Rasheed, K. & Yang, H. Longitudinal study of the normal eyes in unilateral keratoconus patients. Ophthalmology 111(3), 440\u2013446 (2004).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"92396_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00159172","volume":"59","author":"CE Wright","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wright, C. E. & Drasdo, N. The influence of age on the spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity function. Doc. Ophthalmol. 59(4), 385\u2013395 (1985).","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"92396_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2015.11.002","volume":"27","author":"H Hashemi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hashemi, H. et al. Higher order aberrations in a normal adult population. J. Curr. Ophthalmol. 27(3\u20134), 115\u2013124 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"6","key":"92396_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.01.005","volume":"137","author":"S Amano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Amano, S. et al. Age-related changes in corneal and ocular higher-order wavefront aberrations. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 137(6), 988\u2013992 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"4","key":"92396_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2017.12.003","volume":"11","author":"A Gordon-Shaag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gordon-Shaag, A. et al. Validation of refraction and anterior segment parameters by a new multi-diagnostic platform (VX120). J. Optom. 11(4), 242\u2013251 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"92396_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S132572","volume":"9","author":"DP Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pi\u00f1ero, D. P. et al. Intrasession repeatability of refractive and ocular aberrometric measurements obtained using a multidiagnostic device in healthy eyes. Clin. Optom. 9, 91\u201396 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Optom."},{"key":"92396_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149145","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2149145","volume":"2017","author":"DP Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pi\u00f1ero, D. P. et al. Corneal topographic and aberrometric measurements obtained with a multidiagnostic device in healthy eyes: intrasession repeatability. J. Ophthalmol. 2017, 2149145 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"7","key":"92396_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/9.7.18","volume":"9","author":"Y Tang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang, Y. & Zhou, Y. Age-related decline of contrast sensitivity for second-order stimuli: earlier onset, but slower progression, than for first-order stimuli. J. Vis. 9(7), 18\u201318 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"issue":"4","key":"92396_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12706","volume":"40","author":"E Shneor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shneor, E., Frucht-Pery, J., Granit, E. & Gordon-Shaag, A. The prevalence of corneal abnormalities in first-degree relatives of patients with keratoconus: a prospective case-control study. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 40(4), 442\u2013451 (2020).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"issue":"11","key":"92396_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.005","volume":"119","author":"MC Arbelaez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arbelaez, M. C., Versaci, F., Vestri, G., Barboni, P. & Savini, G. Use of a support vector machine for keratoconus and subclinical keratoconus detection by topographic and tomographic data. Ophthalmology 119(11), 2231\u20132238 (2012).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"92396_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.147371","volume":"93","author":"SD Klyce","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klyce, S. D. Chasing the suspect: keratoconus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 93(7), 845\u2013847 (2009).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"4","key":"92396_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00851.x","volume":"31","author":"C McAlinden","year":"2011","unstructured":"McAlinden, C., Khadka, J. & Pesudovs, K. Statistical methods for conducting agreement (comparison of clinical tests) and precision (repeatability or reproducibility) studies in optometry and ophthalmology. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 31(4), 330\u2013338 (2011).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"issue":"4","key":"92396_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(03)00099-3","volume":"16","author":"YS Rabinowitz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rabinowitz, Y. S. The genetics of keratoconus. Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am. 16(4), 607\u2013620 (2003).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"92396_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181c11e29","volume":"29","author":"IJ van der Meulen","year":"2010","unstructured":"van der Meulen, I. J. et al. Straylight measurements in contact lens wear. Cornea 29(5), 516\u2013522 (2010).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"92396_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00644.x","volume":"95","author":"E Shneor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shneor, E., Millodot, M., Avraham, O., Amar, S. & Gordon-Shaag, A. Clinical evaluation of the L80 autorefractometer. Clin. Exp. Optom. 95(1), 66\u201371 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"issue":"2","key":"92396_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2012.03.003","volume":"5","author":"E Shneor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shneor, E., Millodot, M., Zyroff, M. & Gordon-Shaag, A. Validation of keratometric measurements obtained with a new integrated aberrometry-topography system. J. Optom. 5(2), 80\u201386 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"issue":"5","key":"92396_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00059.x","volume":"22","author":"LN Thibos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thibos, L. N., Bradley, A. & Hong, X. A statistical model of the aberration structure of normal, well-corrected eyes. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 22(5), 427\u2013433 (2002).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"issue":"3","key":"92396_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03166.x","volume":"87","author":"DA Atchison","year":"2004","unstructured":"Atchison, D. A. Recent advances in representation of monochromatic aberrations of human eyes. Clin. Exp. Optom. 87(3), 138\u2013148 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"issue":"10","key":"92396_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.205","volume":"127","author":"P Vinciguerra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vinciguerra, P., Alb\u00e8, E., Trazza, S., Seiler, T. & Epstein, D. Intraoperative and postoperative effects of corneal collagen cross-linking on progressive keratoconus. Arch. Ophthalmol. 127(10), 1258\u20131265 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"14","key":"92396_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.02.015","volume":"47","author":"YS Bonneh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonneh, Y. S., Sagi, D. & Polat, U. Spatial and temporal crowding in amblyopia. Vis. Res. 47(14), 1950\u20131962 (2007).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"92396_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90081-7","volume":"33","author":"U Polat","year":"1993","unstructured":"Polat, U. & Sagi, D. Lateral interactions between spatial channels: suppression and facilitation revealed by lateral masking experiments. Vis. Res. 33(7), 993\u2013999 (1993).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"92396_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90258-5","volume":"34","author":"U Polat","year":"1994","unstructured":"Polat, U. & Sagi, D. The architecture of perceptual spatial interactions. Vis. Res. 34(1), 73\u201378 (1994).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"92396_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2478\/v10053-008-0021-4","volume":"3","author":"U Polat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polat, U., Sterkin, A. & Yehezkel, O. Spatio-temporal low-level neural networks account for visual masking. Adv. Cogn. Psychol. 3(1\u20132), 153 (2007).","journal-title":"Adv. Cogn. Psychol."},{"issue":"2B","key":"92396_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375","volume":"49","author":"H Levitt","year":"1971","unstructured":"Levitt, H. Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49(2B), 467\u2013477 (1971).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92396-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92396-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92396-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T19:07:13Z","timestamp":1675451233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92396-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["92396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-92396-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12971"}}