{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:42:39Z","timestamp":1787755359290,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Area analysis of thermal images can detect delayed healing in diabetes foot ulcers, but not venous leg ulcers (VLU) assessed in the home environment. This study proposes using textural analysis of thermal images to predict the healing trajectory of venous leg ulcers assessed in home settings. Participants with VLU were followed over twelve weeks. Digital images, thermal images and planimetry of wound tracings of the ulcers of 60 older participants was recorded in their homes by nurses. Participants were labelled as healed or unhealed based on status of the wound at the 12th week follow up. The weekly change in textural features was computed and the first two principal components were obtained. 60 participants (aged 80.53\u2009\u00b1\u200911.94\u00a0years) with 72 wounds (mean area 21.32\u2009\u00b1\u200951.28cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) were included in the study. The first PCA of the change in textural features in week 2 with respect to week 0 were statistically significant for differentiating between healed and unhealed cases. Textural analysis of thermal images is an effective method to predict in week 2 which venous leg ulcers will not heal by week 12 among older people whose wounds are being managed in their homes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92828-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T10:02:56Z","timestamp":1624528976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Thermal imaging potential and limitations to predict healing of venous leg ulcers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mahta","family":"Monshipouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Aliahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajna","family":"Ogrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylie","family":"Elder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacinta","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Polus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"92828_CR1","unstructured":"Briggs, M. The prevalence of leg ulceration: a review of the literature. Eur. Wound Manage Assoc. (EWMA) J 3, 14\u201320 (2003)."},{"key":"92828_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.04.049","volume":"60","author":"TF O\u2019Donnell","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, T. F. et al. Management of venous leg ulcers: clinical practice guidelines of the society for vascular surgery\u00ae and the American Venous Forum. J. Vasc. Surg. 60, 3S-59S (2014).","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"92828_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2015.05.002","volume":"28","author":"BK Lal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lal, B. K. Venous ulcers of the lower extremity: definition, epidemiology, and economic and social burdens. Semin. Vasc. Surg. 28, 3\u20135 (2015).","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"92828_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1994.tb02196.x","volume":"64","author":"SR Baker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baker, S. R. & Stacey, M. C. Epidemiology of chronic leg ulcers in Australia. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 64, 258\u2013261 (1994).","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Surg."},{"key":"92828_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvn.2015.01.002","volume":"33","author":"P Gordon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gordon, P., Widener, J. M. & Heffline, M. Venous leg ulcers: impact and dysfunction of the venous system. J. Vasc. Nurs. 33, 54\u201359 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Nurs."},{"key":"92828_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jccw.2013.11.001","volume":"4","author":"J Caprini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caprini, J., Partsch, H. & Simman, R. Venous ulcers. J. Am. Coll. Clin. Wound Spec. 4, 54\u201360 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Clin. Wound Spec."},{"key":"92828_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.10.005","volume":"29","author":"L Martinengo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martinengo, L. et al. Prevalence of chronic wounds in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann. Epidemiol. 29, 8\u201315 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"92828_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Meara, S., Cullum, N.A. & Nelson, E.A. Compression for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD000265 (2009).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000265.pub2"},{"key":"92828_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0433","volume":"88","author":"A Forssgren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Forssgren, A., Fransson, I. & Nelz\u00e9n, O. Leg ulcer point prevalence can be decreased by broad-scale intervention: a follow-up cross-sectional study of a defined geographical population. Acta Derm. Venereol. 88, 252\u2013256 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"92828_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2004.10.002","volume":"29","author":"M Gohel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gohel, M. et al. Risk factors for delayed healing and recurrence of chronic venous leg ulcers\u2014an analysis of 1324 legs. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 29, 74\u201377 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"92828_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12859","volume":"15","author":"HE Edwards","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edwards, H. E. et al. Predicting delayed healing: the diagnostic accuracy of a venous leg ulcer risk assessment tool. Int. Wound J. 15, 258\u2013265 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"92828_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00328.x","volume":"16","author":"M Cardinal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cardinal, M., Eisenbud, D. E., Phillips, T. & Harding, K. Early healing rates and wound area measurements are reliable predictors of later complete wound closure. Wound Repair Regen. 16, 19\u201322 (2008).","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"92828_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00328.x","volume":"16","author":"M Cardinal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cardinal, M., Eisenbud, D. E., Phillips, T. & Harding, K. Early healing rates and wound area measurements are reliable predictors of later complete wound closure. Wound Repair Regen. 16, 19\u201322 (2008).","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"92828_CR14","unstructured":"Coyer, F.M., Edwards, H.E. & Finlayson, K.J. (Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld; 2005)."},{"key":"92828_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, H. et al. Health service pathways for patients with chronic leg ulcers: identifying effective pathways for facilitation of evidence based wound care. BMC Health Serv. Res. 13 (2013).","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-86"},{"key":"92828_CR16","first-page":"86","volume":"7","author":"D Gray","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gray, D. et al. Effective wound management and wellbeing: guidance for clinicians, organisations and industry. Wounds UK 7, 86\u201390 (2011).","journal-title":"Wounds UK"},{"key":"92828_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Meara, S., Cullum, N., Nelson, E.A. & Dumville, J.C. Compression for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2012).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000265.pub3"},{"key":"92828_CR18","unstructured":"AWMA & NZWCS (Cambridge Publishing, Australia; 2011)."},{"key":"92828_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03478.x","volume":"142","author":"J Kantor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kantor, J. & Margolis, D. A multicentre study of percentage change in venous leg ulcer area as a prognostic index of healing at 24 weeks. Br. J. Dermatol. 142, 960\u2013964 (2000).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"92828_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-86","volume":"13","author":"H Edwards","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edwards, H. et al. Health service pathways for patients with chronic leg ulcers: identifying effective pathways for facilitation of evidence based wound care. BMC Health Serv. Res. 13, 86 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"92828_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBET.2015.071009","volume":"18","author":"A Gaur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gaur, A., Sunkara, R., Raj, A. N. J. & Celik, T. Efficient wound measurements using RGB and depth images. Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Technol. 18, 333\u2013358 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"92828_CR22","unstructured":"Chang, A.C., Dearman, B. & Greenwood, J.E. A comparison of wound area measurement techniques: visitrak versus photography. Eplasty 11 (2011)."},{"key":"92828_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaabouch, N. et al. Predicting neuropathic ulceration: analysis of static temperature distributions in thermal images. J. Biomed. Opt 15, 061715 (2010).","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3524233"},{"key":"92828_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-31","volume":"6","author":"VJ Houghton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Houghton, V. J., Bower, V. M. & Chant, D. C. Is an increase in skin temperature predictive of neuropathic foot ulceration in people with diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Foot Ankle Res. 6, 31 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"92828_CR25","unstructured":"Ring, F. (SAGE Publications, 2010)."},{"key":"92828_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734606293481","volume":"5","author":"M Bharara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bharara, M., Cobb, J. & Claremont, D. Thermography and thermometry in the assessment of diabetic neuropathic foot: a case for furthering the role of thermal techniques. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 5, 250\u2013260 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"92828_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM705","volume":"225","author":"S Barone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barone, S., Paoli, A. & Razionale, A. V. Assessment of chronic wounds by three-dimensional optical imaging based on integrating geometrical, chromatic, and thermal data. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H] 225, 181\u2013193 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H]"},{"key":"92828_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818803115","volume":"13","author":"B Aliahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aliahmad, B. et al. Is thermal imaging a useful predictor of the healing status of diabetes-related foot ulcers? A pilot study. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 13, 561\u2013567 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"92828_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogrin, R. et al. Can Thermal Imaging Technique be Used to Predict the Healing Status of a Venous Leg Ulcer? Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 15347346211002351 (2021).","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346211002351"},{"key":"92828_CR30","unstructured":"KPMG. (ed. AWMA) 1\u201352 (2013)."},{"key":"92828_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"CP Loizou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loizou, C. P., Kasparis, T. & Polyviou, M. Evaluation of wound healing process based on texture image analysis. J. Biomed. Gr. Comput. 3, 1 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Gr. Comput."},{"key":"92828_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.11.626","volume":"25","author":"C Parker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parker, C., Finlayson, K. J. & Edwards, H. E. Ulcer area reduction at 2 weeks predicts failure to heal by 24 weeks in the venous leg ulcers of patients living alone. J. Wound Care 25, 626\u2013634 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"92828_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogrin, R. et al. Can thermal imaging technique be used to predict the healing status of a venous leg ulcer? The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 15347346211002351 (2021).","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346211002351"},{"key":"92828_CR34","unstructured":"Kolkur, S., Kalbande, D., Shimpi, P., Bapat, C. & Jatakia, J. in International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing 2016 (ICCASP 2016) 324\u2013332 (Atlantis Press, 2016)."},{"key":"92828_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare2030401","volume":"2","author":"M Harrison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harrison, M., VanDenKerkhof, E., Hopman, W. & Carley, M. The role of preference on outcomes of people receiving evidence-informed community wound care in their home or in a nurse-clinic setting: a cohort study (n = 230). Healthcare 2, 401 (2014).","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"92828_CR36","first-page":"331","volume":"41","author":"C Weller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weller, C. & Evans, S. Venous leg ulcer management in general practice: Practice nurses and evidence based guidelines. Aust. Fam. Physician 41, 331 (2012).","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"92828_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groupa, F.W.H.C.F. Guidance for industry: Chronic cutaneous ulcer and burn wounds\u2014developing products for treatment. Wound Repair and Regeneration 9, 258\u2013268 (2001).","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.2001.00258.x"},{"key":"92828_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12707","volume":"27","author":"L Gould","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gould, L. & Li, W. W. Defining complete wound closure: closing the gap in clinical trials and practice. Wound Repair Regen. 27, 201\u2013224 (2019).","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"92828_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12472","volume":"13","author":"LB J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, L. B., S\u00f8rensen, J. A., Jemec, G. B. & Yderstr\u00e6de, K. B. Methods to assess area and volume of wounds \u2013 a systematic review. Int. Wound J. 13, 540\u2013553 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"92828_CR40","unstructured":"Wounds Australia (Cambridge Media, Osborne Park, WA; 2016)."},{"key":"92828_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12587","volume":"25","author":"MC Stacey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stacey, M. C., Phillips, S. A., Farrokhyar, F. & Swaine, J. M. Reliability and measurement error of digital planimetry for the measurement of chronic venous leg ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 25, 901\u2013905 (2017).","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"92828_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haralick, R.M., Shanmugam, K. & Dinstein, I.H. Textural features for image classification. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. 610\u2013621 (1973).","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314"},{"key":"92828_CR43","first-page":"22","volume":"42","author":"MA Sheha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheha, M. A., Mabrouk, M. S. & Sharawy, A. Automatic detection of melanoma skin cancer using texture analysis. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 42, 22\u201326 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"92828_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thulkar, D., Daruwala, R. & Sardar, N. An Integrated system for detection exudates and severity quantification for diabetic macular edema. J. Med. Biol. Eng., 1\u201323 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-020-00561-4"},{"key":"92828_CR45","unstructured":"Edn. 16.1 (Minitab, Inc. , State College, PA; 2010)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92828-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92828-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92828-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T08:17:12Z","timestamp":1699172232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92828-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["92828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-92828-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13239"}}