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The contribution of T cell immunity to protection against mumps has not been clearly defined. Previously, we described a set of 41 peptides that were eluted from human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules of mumps virus (MuV)-infected cells. Here, we confirmed immunogenicity of five novel HLA-B*07:02- and HLA-A*01:01-restricted MuV T cell epitopes from this set of peptides. High frequencies of T cells against these five MuV epitopes could be detected ex vivo in all tested mumps patients. Moreover, these epitope-specific T cells derived from mumps patients displayed strong cytotoxic activity. In contrast, only marginal T cell responses against these novel MuV epitopes could be detected in recently vaccinated persons, corroborating earlier findings. Identifying which MuV epitopes are dominantly targeted in the mumps-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T- response is an important step towards better understanding in the discrepancies between natural infection or vaccination-induced cell-mediated immune protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92926-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T10:05:24Z","timestamp":1625133924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Novel mumps virus epitopes reveal robust cytotoxic T cell responses after natural infection but not after vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kaaijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten E.","family":"Emmelot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo D.","family":"Meiring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile A. 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