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Since its emergence, the bacterium has significantly impacted the captive breeding programs of the extinct in the wild Christmas Island Lister\u2019s gecko (\n                    <jats:italic>Lepidodactylus listeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and blue-tailed skink (\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptoblepharus egeriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The bacterium\u2019s pathogenicity, inability to grow\n                    <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and occurrence beyond the confines of Christmas Island necessitated the development of an experimental infection and treatment model. Asian house geckos (\n                    <jats:italic>Hemidactylus frenatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were challenged with a single dose of\n                    <jats:italic>E. lacertideformus<\/jats:italic>\n                    inoculum either by mouth, application to mucosal abrasion or skin laceration, subcutaneous injection, coelomic injection, or via co-housing with an infected gecko. Five healthy geckos acted as controls. Each transmission route resulted in disease in at least 40% (n\u2009=\u20092) geckos, expanding to 100% (n\u2009=\u20095) when\n                    <jats:italic>E. lacertideformus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was applied to skin laceration and mucosal abrasion groups. Incubation periods post-infection ranged between 54 and 102\u00a0days. To determine the efficacy of antibiotic treatment, infected geckos were divided into six groups (enrofloxacin 10\u00a0mg\/kg, per os (PO), every 24\u00a0h (q24), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 10\u00a0mg\/kg, PO, q24, enrofloxacin 10\u00a0mg\/kg combined with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 10\u00a0mg\/kg, PO, q24, rifampicin 15\u00a0mg\/kg, PO, q24, clarithromycin 15\u00a0mg\/kg, PO, q24, and untreated controls) for 21\u00a0days. Response to treatment was assessed by the change in lesion size, bacterial dissemination\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and histological evidence of a host immune response. Irrespective of the antibiotic given, histology revealed that geckos inoculated by skin laceration were observed to have more extensive disease spread throughout the animal\u2019s body compared to other inoculation routes. The reduction in the average surface area of gross lesions was 83.6% for geckos treated with enrofloxacin, followed by the combination therapy amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin (62.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (58.2%), rifampicin (45.5%), and clarithromycin (26.5%). Lesions in geckos untreated with antibiotics increased in size between 100 and 300%. In summary, enrofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid show promising properties for the treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>E. lacertideformus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in geckos. The Asian house gecko\n                    <jats:italic>E. lacertideformus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection model therefore provides foundational findings for the development of effective therapeutic treatment protocols aimed at conserving the health of infected and at-risk reptiles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92999-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T06:04:04Z","timestamp":1625465044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Experimental infection of Asian house geckos with Enterococcus lacertideformus demonstrates multiple disease transmission routes and the in-vivo efficacy of antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Agius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karrie","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon-Paul","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Phalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"92999_CR1","unstructured":"IUCN. 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